Na⁺-K⁺–ATPase-Mediated Signal Transduction: From Protein Interaction to Cellular Function

Schematic presentation of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase signalosome. The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase (pump) is preassembled with its partners in caveolae; ouabain binding to the pump activates the signalosome, and transduces signals via multiple pathways (see text for details). EGFR, epithelial growth factor receptor; PKC, protein kinase C; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3’ kinase; Grb2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; Sos, son of sevenless; Shc, src homology collagenlike protein; PLC, phospholipase C; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK, MAPK-ERK activating kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.