<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE Publisher PUBLIC "-//MetaPress//DTD MetaPress 2.0//EN" "http://public.metapress.com/dtd/MPRESS/MetaPressv2.dtd">
<Publisher>
	<PublisherInfo>
		<PublisherName>Baywood Publishing Company</PublisherName>
	</PublisherInfo>
	<Journal>
		<JournalInfo JournalType="Journals">
			<JournalPrintISSN>0047-2433</JournalPrintISSN>
			<JournalElectronicISSN>1541-3802</JournalElectronicISSN>
			<JournalTitle>Journal of Environmental Systems</JournalTitle>
			<JournalCode>BWES</JournalCode>
			<JournalID>300323</JournalID>
			<JournalURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=journal&amp;id=300323</JournalURL>
		</JournalInfo>
		<Volume>
			<VolumeInfo>
				<VolumeNumber>11</VolumeNumber>
			</VolumeInfo>
			<Issue>
				<IssueInfo IssueType="Regular">
					<IssueNumberBegin>2</IssueNumberBegin>
					<IssueNumberEnd>2</IssueNumberEnd>
					<IssueSupplement>0</IssueSupplement>
					<IssuePartStart>0</IssuePartStart>
					<IssuePartEnd>0</IssuePartEnd>
					<IssueSequence>000011000219810101</IssueSequence>
					<IssuePublicationDate>
						<CoverDate Year="1981" Month="1" Day="1"/>
						<CoverDisplay>Number 2 / 1981-82</CoverDisplay>
					</IssuePublicationDate>
					<IssueID>X36UCVP8NCBP</IssueID>
					<IssueURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=issue&amp;id=X36UCVP8NCBP</IssueURL>
				</IssueInfo>
				<Article ArticleType="Original">
					<ArticleInfo Free="No" ESM="No">
						<ArticleDOI>10.2190/EX21-EE2L-00AV-40H9</ArticleDOI>
						<ArticlePII>EX21EE2L00AV40H9</ArticlePII>
						<ArticleSequenceNumber>6</ArticleSequenceNumber>
						<ArticleTitle Language="En">Farming in Land Planning: An Exploratory Survey</ArticleTitle>
						<ArticleFirstPage>155</ArticleFirstPage>
						<ArticleLastPage>174</ArticleLastPage>
						<ArticleHistory>
							<RegistrationDate>20020509</RegistrationDate>
							<ReceivedDate>20020509</ReceivedDate>
							<Accepted>20020509</Accepted>
							<OnlineDate>20020509</OnlineDate>
						</ArticleHistory>
						<FullTextFileName>EX21EE2L00AV40H9.pdf</FullTextFileName>
						<FullTextURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&amp;id=EX21EE2L00AV40H9</FullTextURL>
						<Composite>2</Composite>
					</ArticleInfo>
					<ArticleHeader>
						<AuthorGroup>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Bruce</GivenName>
								<Initials>K.</Initials>
								<FamilyName>Ferguson</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Affiliation AFFID="A1">
								<OrgDivision/>
								<OrgName>Department of Landscape Architecture, Pennsylvania State University</OrgName>
								<OrgAddress/>
							</Affiliation>
						</AuthorGroup>
						<Abstract Language="En">Land planning must take account of the functional relationships between land use components, the ways these components aggregate into land use types, and the relationships between aggregates and their sites. Farming is a land use, defined as the relatively intense terrestrial production of plant crops. This paper synthesizes available literature to provide a systemic model of farming that can apply to many technological and site contexts of land planning. The selection of plants to be grown determines the planting, pollination (in some cases), and harvesting practices that control the plants' productive cycle, and all the practices that influence the plants' environment. The environment consists of mechanical support, water, air, nutrients, heat, light, competition, disease, predation and continuation of the above over time. Any combination of farming practices would constitute a farming system of some sort. The compositions and intensities of farming systems have important implications for land planning.</Abstract>
						<biblist>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="1">B. K. Ferguson, Hierarchic Decomposition of Land Uses for Land Planning, &lt;i&gt;Design Methods and Theories, 13&lt;/i&gt;:2, 1979.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="2">W. R. Lassey, &lt;i&gt;Planning in Rural Environments&lt;/i&gt;, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="3">United States Bureau of the Census, &lt;i&gt;Statistical Abstract of the U. S.: 1977&lt;/i&gt;, 98th Edition, Washington, D. C., 1977.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="4">L. R. Brown, &lt;i&gt;The Twenty-Ninth Day: Accommodating Human Needs and Numbers to the Earth's Resources&lt;/i&gt;, Norton, New York, 1978.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="5">R. C. Collins, Agricultural Land Preservation in a Land Use Planning Perspective, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 31&lt;/i&gt;:5, 1976.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="6">C. F. Schwarz, E. C. Thor, and G. H. Elsner, Wildland Planning Glossary, &lt;i&gt;U. S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-13&lt;/i&gt;, Berkeley, California, 1976.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="7">R. M. Love, The Rangelands of the Western United States, &lt;i&gt;Scientific American&lt;/i&gt;, February 1970 (reprinted as pages 228-235 of &lt;i&gt;Man and the Ecosphere&lt;/i&gt;, Freeman, San Francisco).</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="8">J. E. Bardach, J. H. Ruther, and W. O. McLarney, &lt;i&gt;Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbanding of Freshwater and Marine Organisms&lt;/i&gt;, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="9">J. S. Douglas, &lt;i&gt;Beginner's Guide to Hydroponics&lt;/i&gt;, Drake, New York, 1973.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="10">R. D. Forbes, &lt;i&gt;Forestry Handbook&lt;/i&gt;, Ronald, New York, 1955.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="11">United States Forest Service, &lt;i&gt;Wildlife Habitat Improvement Handbook&lt;/i&gt;, Forest Service Handbook Section FSH 2619.11, Washington, D. C., 1969.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="12">C. E. Kellogg, &lt;i&gt;Agricultural Development: Soil, Food, People, Work&lt;/i&gt;, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 1975.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="13">B. K. Ferguson and M. McAvin, A Method for Calculating Agricultural Carrying Capacity, &lt;i&gt;Compost Science&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 38-43, November-December 1981.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="14">M. McAvin and B. K. Ferguson, &lt;i&gt;Hexe Barger: Design of a Self-Sustaining Community&lt;/i&gt;, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1975.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="15">Soil Conservation Society of America, &lt;i&gt;The World Food Situation: Implications for Land Resource Conservation&lt;/i&gt;, Ankeny, Iowa, 1975.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="16">R. M. Davis, Soil Conservation on Agricultural Land: The Challenge Ahead, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 31&lt;/i&gt;:1, 1977.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="17">The Green Revolution Lives, &lt;i&gt;New York Times Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, April 27, 1975.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="18">J. R. Smith, &lt;i&gt;Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture&lt;/i&gt;, Reprinted by Harper Colophon, New York, 1978.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="19">Soil Science Society of America, &lt;i&gt;Fertilizer Technology and Use&lt;/i&gt;, 2nd edition, Madison, Wisconsin, 1971.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="20">J. Janick, R. W. Schery, F. W. Woods, and V. W. Ruttan, &lt;i&gt;Plant Science: An Introduction to World Crops&lt;/i&gt;, Freeman, San Francisco, 1969.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="21">J. Jankowiak, Seedbeds All Season, &lt;i&gt;Organic Gardening and Farming, 26&lt;/i&gt;:2, February 1979.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="22">S. M. Phillips and H. M. Young, Jr., &lt;i&gt;No-Tillage Farming&lt;/i&gt;, Reiman Associates, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1973.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="23">D. Wyman, &lt;i&gt;Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt;, MacMillan, New York, 1977.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="24">R. E. Wester, Growing Vegetables in the Home Garden, &lt;i&gt;U. S. Department of Agriculture Home and Garden Bulletin No. 202&lt;/i&gt;, Washington, D. C., 1972 (reprinted by Dover, New York, 1975).</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="25">C. F. Kelly, Mechanical Harvesting, &lt;i&gt;Scientific American&lt;/i&gt;, August 1967 (reprinted as pages 168-177 of &lt;i&gt;Plant Agriculture&lt;/i&gt;, Freeman, San Francisco).</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="26">R. F. Daubenmire, &lt;i&gt;Plants and Environment: A Textbook of Plant Autoecology&lt;/i&gt;, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, 1959.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="27">R. P. Beasley, &lt;i&gt;Erosion and Sediment Pollution Control&lt;/i&gt;, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1972.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="28">N. C. Brady, &lt;i&gt;The Nature and Properties of Soils&lt;/i&gt;, 8th edition, MacMillan, New York, 1974.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="29">C. E. Kellogg, Suitable pH ratings for Various Crops and Ornamental Plants, &lt;i&gt;Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957&lt;/i&gt;, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., p. 677, 1957.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="30">C. E. Farnsworth and A. L. Leaf, An Approach to Soil-Site Problems: Sugar Maple-Soil Relations in New York, C. T. Youngberg (ed.), &lt;i&gt;Forest-Soil Relationships in North America&lt;/i&gt;, Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 1963.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="31">T. Dunne and L. B. Leopold, &lt;i&gt;Water in Environmental Planning&lt;/i&gt;, Freeman, San Francisco, 1978.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="32">Soil Conservation Society of America, &lt;i&gt;Resource Conservation Glossary&lt;/i&gt;, Ankeny, Iowa, 1976.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="33">W. A. Raney and A. W. Zingg, Principles of Tillage, &lt;i&gt;Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957&lt;/i&gt;, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 277-281, 1957.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="34">O. W. Bidwell, Soil and Its Relationship to Maximum Yields, &lt;i&gt;Maximum Crop Yields — The Challenge&lt;/i&gt;, American Society of Agronomy Special Publication No. 9, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 37-50, 1967.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="35">R. Wolf, Use Garden Beds for Super-Soft Soil, &lt;i&gt;Organic Gardening and Farming, 26&lt;/i&gt;:2, pp. 66-71, February 1979.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="36">J. W. Brainerd, &lt;i&gt;Working with Nature: A Practical Guide&lt;/i&gt;, Oxford, New York, 1973.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="37">United States Soil Conservation Service, &lt;i&gt;Engineering Field Manual for Conservation Practices&lt;/i&gt;, Washington, D. C., 1975.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="38">R. Revelle, Water, &lt;i&gt;Scientific American&lt;/i&gt;, September 1963 (reprinted as pages 96-107 of &lt;i&gt;Plant Agriculture&lt;/i&gt;, Freeman, San Francisco).</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="39">H. H. Bennett, &lt;i&gt;Soil Conservation&lt;/i&gt;, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1938.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="40">V. G. Carter and T. Dale, &lt;i&gt;Topsoil and Civilization&lt;/i&gt;, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1974.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="41">J. I. Rodale (ed.), &lt;i&gt;The Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening&lt;/i&gt;, Rodale Books, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, 1975.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="42">Fresh Food in All Seasons, &lt;i&gt;The Futurist&lt;/i&gt;, p. 296, December 1974.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="43">H. G. Lendle, Rx For An Early Garden, &lt;i&gt;Organic Gardening and Farming, 26&lt;/i&gt;:2, pp. 96-97, February 1979.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="44">H. A. Simon, &lt;i&gt;The Architecture of Complexity&lt;/i&gt;, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106, pp. 467-482, December 1962 (reprinted as pages 86-118 of H. A. Simon, &lt;i&gt;The Sciences of the Artificial&lt;/i&gt;, M. I. T. Press, 1969).</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="45">A. N. Duckham and G. B. Masefield, &lt;i&gt;Farming Systems of the World&lt;/i&gt;, Praeger, New York, 1970.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="46">W. A. Hayes, Mulch Tillage in Modern Farming, &lt;i&gt;U. S. Department of Agriculture Leaflet No. 554&lt;/i&gt;, Washington, D. C., 1971.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="47">R. Stout and R. Clemence, &lt;i&gt;The Ruth Stout No-Work Garden Book&lt;/i&gt;, Bantam, New York, 1971.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="48">E. P. Odum, &lt;i&gt;Fundamentals of Ecology&lt;/i&gt;, 3rd edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1971.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
						</biblist>
					</ArticleHeader>
				</Article>
			</Issue>
		</Volume>
	</Journal>
</Publisher>
