10.2190/4EEQ-C09R-M4MX-JGA0 4EEQC09RM4MXJGA0 4 A Model Relating Visual Attributes in the Residential Environment to Fear of Crime 247 255 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 4EEQC09RM4MXJGA0.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=4EEQC09RM4MXJGA0 3 Jack L. Nasar Department of City and Regional Planning, The Ohio State University In this research, the investigator derived empirically multiple regression equations predicting fear of crime as a function of judged visual attributes of residential exteriors. Slides of thirty residential sites were used as stimuli. In a first phase, between four and fifteen planners and architects were requested to rate visual attributes in each setting on eighteen bi-polar descriptor scales. In a second phase, lay participants of two kinds (26 elderly, and 47 people diverse in age) were asked to evaluate each setting on a bi-polar scale assessing the expected rate of vandalism, robbery, burglary, and assault. The multiple regression equations for both the elderly and the more diverse population showed significant correlations between visual attributes in the scenes and fear of crime. J. M. Tien, T. A. Repetto, and L. Hanes, <i>Element of CPTED</i>, prepared for U. S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Washington, D. C., 1976. C. Hartman, J. Horovitz, and R. Herman, Designing for the Elderly, <i>Design and Environment</i>, pp. 48-51, Winter 1975. J. K. Molozemoff, J. G. Anderson, and L. V. Rosenbaum, <i>Housing for the Elderly: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Congregate Residences</i>, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1978. E. A. Rose, <i>Housing for the Aged</i>, Saxon House, Hamshire, England, 1978. E. M. Brody, Community Housing for the Elderly: The Program, the People, the Decision-Making Process and the Research, <i>Gerontologist, 18</i>, pp. 121-128, 1978. O. Newman, <i>Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design</i>, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1972. C. Cooper, St. Francis Square: Attitudes of Its Residents, <i>A. I. A. Journal, 56</i>:6, pp. 22-27, 1971. S. Angel, Discourage Crime Through City Planning, prepared for National Aeronautic and Space Administration, Working Paper No. 75, Berkeley, California, 1968. G. Luedtke and Associates, <i>Crime and the Physical City</i>, prepared for U. S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Detroit, Michigan, 1970. R. Gardiner, Crime and the Neighborhood Environment, <i>H. U. D. Challenge, 8</i>:2, pp. 9-13, 1976. D. Canter, An Intergroup Comparison of Connotative Dimensions in Architecture, <i>Environment and Behavior, 2</i>, pp. 37-48, 1969. J. Harrison and P. Sarre, Personal Construct Theory in the Measurement of Environmental Images: Problems and Methods, <i>Environment and Behavior, 3</i>, pp. 351-374, 1971. R. G. Hershberger and R. C. Cass, Predicting User Response to Buildings, <i>Man Environment Interaction: Evaluation and Application, the State of the Art in Environmental Design Research</i>, G. Davis (ed.), Proceeding from Environmental Design Research Association, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1974. D. Lowenthal and M. Riel, The Nature of Perceived and Imagined Environments, <i>Environment and Behavior, 4</i>, pp. 189-207, 1972. J. F. Wohlwill, Environmental Aesthetics: The Environment as a Source of Affect, <i>Human Behavior and Environment</i>, Vol. 1, I. Altman and J. F. Wohlwill (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1976. D. E. Berlyne, <i>Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Toward an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation</i>, Halsted Press, New York, 1974. E. H. Zube, R. G. Pitt, and T. W. Anderson, <i>Perception and Measurement of Scenic Resources in the Southern Connecticut River Valley</i>, Institute for Man and His Environment, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1974. E. L. Shafer, Jr. and T. A. Richards, A Comparison of Viewer Reactions to Outdoor Scenes and Photographs of those Scenes, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, <i>Research Paper</i> NE-302, 1974. J. L. Nasar, The Evaluative Image of a City, in <i>Environmental Design: Research Theory and Application</i>, A. Seidel and S. Danford (eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Buffalo, New York, 1979. G. L. Peterson, A Model of Preference: Qualitative Analysis of the Visual Appearance of Residential Neighborhoods, <i>Journal of Regional Science, 7</i>, p. 1, 1967. S. Kaplan, R. Kaplan, and J. S. Wendt, Rated Preference are Complexity for Natural and Urban Visual Material, <i>Perception and Psychophysics, 12</i>:4, pp. 354-356, 1972.