10.2190/CMR7-BH7T-QB3C-K4DV CMR7BH7TQB3CK4DV 7 Environment-Influenced Zoning-E. I. Z. 375 389 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 CMR7BH7TQB3CK4DV.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=CMR7BH7TQB3CK4DV 4 David S. Alberts John Marshall Davis New York City Police Department New York City Planning Commission, Urban Design Group This paper explores the concept of environment-influenced zoning as a rational guide for the development of urban areas. Of all the regulatory powers that city government possesses, zoning is by far the most inclusive one which deals with our physical environment. To date its provisions and patterns have not been based upon predictive or testable theories. Rather, they have been based upon precedent and tradition. Zoning can be related to the fundamental energies of the environment, resulting in different patterns for cities of different latitude, topography, and street grids. The methodology proposed can apply to the design of new cities as well as the evolution of existing cities.

Kingsley Davis, "Urbanization of the Human Population," Scientific American; 213(3), September, 1965; p. 44.

Ibid.

Plan for Detroit, Michigan: Arthur B. Gallion and Simon Eisner, The Urban Pattern; D. Van Nostrana, New York; 1963; p. 57. Plan for Savannah, Georgia: Ibid., p. 54. Plan for Savannah, John W. Reps, Town Planning in Frontier America; Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.; 1969; p. 257. Plan for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ibid., p. 211. Plan for Washington, D. C.; Ibid., p. 329. Plan for Washington, D. C.; Ian McHarg, Design with Nature; Natural History Press; Garden City, New York; 1969; p. 181. Plan for Washington, D. C.; Edmund N. Bacon, Design of Cities; Viking Press, New York; 1967; p. 208. Plan for Providence, Rhode Island: John W. Reps; p. 172. Plan for Springfield, Massachusetts: Ibid., p. 170. Plan for Salem, Massachusetts: Ibid., p. 157. Plan for St. Augustine, Florida: Ibid., p. 50.

Plan for Olynthus: Arthur B. Gallion, and Simon Eisner; p. 16. Plan for Priene: Ibid., p. 20. Plan for Miletus: Ibid., p. 20. Plan for Timgad: Ibid., p. 20.

Plan for San Antonio, Texas: John W. Reps; p. 53.

Plan for Monpazier, Dordogne, France: Frederick R. Hiornes; Town Building in History; Criterion Books, New York; 1958; p. 125. Plan for Sauve Terre-de-Guienne: Ibid., p. 126. Plan for Chandigarh, India: Edmund N. Bacon; p. 218. Plan for Chandigarh, Paul Ritter; Planning for Man and Motor; Pergamon Press, New York; 1964; p. 140. Plan for Brazilia, Brazil: Edmund N. Bacon; p. 220.

Plan for Palma-Nova: Frederick R. Hiornes; p. 194. Plan for Vincenzo Scamozzi: Ibid., p. 195.

Plan for a Vitruvian City: Ibid., p. 198. Plan for Neuf Brisch: Ibid., p. 197.

Plan for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: John W. Reps; p. 264. Photo of San Francisco, California: Belmont Newhall; Airborne Camera; Hastings House; 1969; pp. 44-45. Plan and Topography of New York: Urban Design Group, New York City Planning Commission; New York City-Urban Structure Determinants Study; Unpublished; 1969.

Illustrations of Typical Uncontrolled Environment: Back street in Chicago Illustrations of Typical Uncontrolled Environment, Peter Blake; God's own Junkyard; Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, New York; 1964; p. 40. Perugia Street: Bernard Rudofsky; Streets are for People, Doubleday and Company, Garden City, New York, 1969, p. 254. Street in Lower Manhattan: Regional Plan Association, Urban Design Manhattan, Viking Press, New York, 1969, p. 27. Slum in East London: Frederick R. Hiornes, p. 319.

Arthur B. Gallion, Growth in New Haven, Connecticut and Berne Switzerland p. 74.

Illustration of Sky Exposure Plane: City Planning Commission of New York, Zoning Resolution, City of New York, New York, 1960, Section 23-631, p. 44; Section 23-632, p. 45; Section 23-643, p. 46. Illustration of Rear Setback: Ibid., Section 23-663, p. 49. Bulk Controls, New York City Planning Commission, R-8, R-9, R-10 Residential Zoning—Physical Implications, Unpublished, p. 1. Yard Controls, Ibid., p. 5. Outer Court, Ibid., p. 6. Inner Court, Ibid., p. 7. Plaza, Ibid., p. 8. Front Setback, Ibid., p. 10. Rear Setback, Ibid., p. 11.

Graph of Annual Temperature Change: Wayne D. Heydecker and Ernest P. Goodrich, "Sunlight and Daylight for Urban Areas," Neighborhood and Community Planning, New York Regional Plan of New York and its Environments, Regional Survey, Vol. 8, 1929, p. 153. Graph of Hours of Sunshine: Ibid., p. 159. Diagram of Shade Falling on Street: Ibid., p. 168. Typical Layouts of Structures: Ibid., pp. 172, 173, 174, 175. Typical Community Plan: Ibid., p. 195.

Photograph of Sunlit New York Avenue: Regional Plan Association, Frontice-piece. Photograph of Manhattan: Ibid., p. 5. Photograph of Lower Manhattan Street: Ibid., p. 27.

A proposed method of evaluating social actions can be found in D. S. Alberts, A Plan for Measuring the Performance of Social Programs, Praeger, New York, 1970.

Plan for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: John W. Reps, p. 264. Plan and Topography of New York: Urban Design Group.

Photo of San Francisco, California: Belmont Newhall, pp. 44-45.

Climatic Information: Victor Olgyay, Design with Climate, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1963, pp. 24, 25, 26, 28, 48, 49. Climatic Information: Victor Olgyay, Wayne D. Heydecker and Ernest P. Goodrich, pp. 153, 159.