10.2190/AA5K-2K11-TCMF-3YMT AA5K2K11TCMF3YMT 2 A Wastewater Treatment Model for Waste Heat Utilization Assessment 23 52 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 AA5K2K11TCMF3YMT.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=AA5K2K11TCMF3YMT 1 Robert N. Amundsen John D. Keenan New York Institute of Technology University of Pennsylvania Thermal effluents from power plants can be used to accelerate the treatment of wastewater. Under controlled temperature conditions, retention time in anaerobic digesters and oxidation ponds is minimized. This article presents models for simulating the performance of anaerobic digesters, algae ponds, and the U-tube aeration system. Materials balances are provided for the fermentation of water hyacinths into ethanol and the production of clams and crayfish. Heat balances are performed for an anaerobic digester and for a water hyacinth pond with a protective plastic cover. Flow requirements are examined from both oxygen replenishment and metabolite reduction perspectives. Livestock manure and municipal wastewater can yield methane through anaerobic digestion, and ethanol through the fermentation of water hyacinths grown in wastewater. The nutrient-laden effluents can be used to produce algae, which serves as food for freshwater clams and crayfish. By simulating the biological treatment of wastewater as part of an integrated waste heat utilization complex, we are able to evaluate the benefits of thermal enrichment in terms of the valuable byproducts and waste treatment services provided.

M. Olszewski, An Economic Feasibility Assessment of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Waste-Heat Polyculture Concept, ORNL/TM-6547, 1979.

R. N. Amundsen, Computer Simulation and Optimization for the Assessment of Waste Heat Utilization Technologies, Dissertation, Energy Management and Policy, University of Pennsylvania, 607 pp., 1986.

J. D. Keenan and R. N. Amundsen, Assessment of Waste Heat Utilization Technologies: Overview, Journal of Environmental Systems, 19:2, pp. 95-114, 1989-90.

R. N. Amundsen and J. D. Keenan, Assessment of Waste Heat Utilization Technologies: Results and Conclusions, Journal of Environmental Systems, in preparation.

H. H. McMillan, R. R. Rimkus, and F. C. Neil, Metro Chicago's Study of Energy Alternatives for Wastewater Treatment, Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 53:2, p. 155, 1981.

M. K. Stenstrom, A. S. Ng, P. K. Bhunia, and S. D. Abramson, Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste, Journal of Environmental Engineering Division-A. S. C. E., 109:5, p. 1148, 1983.

W. J. Jewell, et al., Bioconversion of Agricultural Wastes for Pollution Control and Energy Conservation, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia, September 1976.

C. J. Soeder, The Technical Production of Microalgae and Its Prospects in Marine Aquaculture, in Harvesting Polluted Waters: Waste Heat and Nutrient Loaded Effluents in the Aquaculture, O. Devik (ed.), Plenum Press, New York, 1976.

R. Merrill and L. J. Fry, Methane Digesters for Fuel Gas and Fertilizer, New Alchemy Institute, Santa Barbara, California, 1973.

J. Leckie, G. Masters, H. Whitehouse, and L. Young, More Other Homes and Garbage: Designs for Self Sufficient Living, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1981.

D. T. Hill, Economically Optimized Design of Methane Fermentation Systems for Swine Production Facilities, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 27, pp. 525-529, 1984.

E. Lavagno, P. Ravetto, and B. Ruggeri, On Some Engineering Aspects of Biogas Production, Energy from Biomass: 2nd E. C. Conference, Sept. 20-23, 1982, Berlin, West Germany, Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, pp. 541-547, 1983.

H. D. Bartlett, S. P. Persson, and R. W. Regan, Energy Production Potential of a 100m2 Biogas Generator, Agricultural Energy: Selected Papers and Abstracts from the 1980 A. S. A. E. National Energy Symposium, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1980, Kansas City, Missouri, 2, pp. 373-378, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, 1981.

H. H. Rogers and D. E. Davis, Nutrient Removal by Water Hyacinth, Weed Science, 20:5, p. 423, 1972.

B. C. Wolverton, R. M. Barlow, and R. C. McDonald, Application of Vascular Aquatic Plants for Pollution Removal, Energy, and Food Production in a Biological System, in Biological Control of Water Pollution, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p. 141, 1976.

Tennessee Valley Authority, Waste Heat Utilization for Agriculture and Aquaculture, State of the Art, TVA and EPRI, EPRI EA-922, 1978.

C. E. Boyd, Vascular Aquatic Plants for Mineral Nutrient Removal from Polluted Waters, Economic Botany, 24:1, p. 95, 1970.

C. E. Boyd, Freshwater Plants: A Potential Source of Protein, Economic Botany, 22:4, p. 359, 1968.

J. E. Rakocy and R. Allison, Evaluation of a Closed Recirculation System for the Culture of Tilapia and Aquatic Macrophyties, Bio-Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture, Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 296-307, 1981.

H. R. Bungary, Energy, the Biomass Options, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981.

R. Stowell, R. Ludwig, J. Colt, and G. Tchobanoglous, Concepts in Aquatic Treatment System Design, Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division-A. S. C. E., i07:EE5, pp. 919-940, October 1981.

C. G. Golueke, Using Plants for Wastewater Treatment, Compost Science, 18:5, pp. 16-20, 1977.

J. D. Keenan and R. N. Amundsen, An Evaporative Pad Greenhouse Model for Waste Heat Utilization Assessment, Journal of Environmental Systems, 19:3, pp. 185-209, 1989-90.

R. N. Amundsen and J. D. Keenan, An Aquaculture Model for Waste Heat Utilization Assessment, Journal of Environmental System, 19:2, pp. 115-134, 1989-90.

J. M. Nystrom, C. G. Greenwald, F. G. Harrison, and E. D Gibson, Making Ethanol from Cellulosics, Chemical Engineering Progress, 80:5, pp. 68-75, 1984.

B. C. Wolverton and R. C. McDonald, Energy from Vascular Plant Wastewater Treatment Systems, Economic Botany, 35:2, p. 224, 1981.

E. J. Nolan, A Systems Analysis for the Production of Selected Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1981.

Anonymous, Expanding Hydroponics Economically: Alcohol "Waste Heat" Nurtures Top-Quality Crop, Food Processing, 42:4, pp. 38-42, 1981.

D. Mayberry, Peroxide Opens Plant Energy Package, Agricultural Research, 32:1, pp. 12-13, 1983.

L. B. Yang, L. K. Wing, M. G. McGarry, and M. Graham, Overview of Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery: Report of a Workshop on High-Rate Algae Ponds, Singapore, 27-28 February 1980, International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 1-40, 1980.

W. J. Oswald and H. B. Gotaas, Photosynthesis in Sewage Treatment, Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 112, pp. 73-105, 1957.

W. J. Oswald, Waste Ponding, unpublished lecture notes, 1964.

J. D. Keenan, Bioconversion of Solar Energy to Methane, Energy, 2, pp. 365-373, 1977.

C. G. Golveke and W. J. Oswald, Harvesting and Processing Sewage-Grown Planktonic Algae, Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 37:4, pp. 471-498, 1965.

M. Olszewski, The Potential Use of Power Plant Reject Heat in Commercial Aquaculture, ORNL/TM-5663, 1977.

M. Olszewski and J. V. Wilson, Analysis of Economic and Energy Utilization Aspects for Waste Heat Aquaculture, in Power Plant Waste Heat Utilization in Aquaculture, B. L. Godfriaux, et al. (eds.), Allanheld, Osmun and Co., Montclair, New Jersey, pp. 163-173, 1979.

F. W. Wheaton, Aquaculture Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1977.

J. F. Muir, Management and Cost Implications in Recirculating Water Systems, Bio-Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture, Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 116-127, 1981.

J. E. Colt and G. Tchobanoglous, Design of Aeration Systems for Aquaculture, Bio-Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture, Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 138-148, 1981.

J. Bruijn and H. Tuinzaad, The Relationship between Depth of U-Tubes and the Aeration Process, Journal of the American Water Works Association, pp. 879-883, July 1958.

R. E. Speece and R. Orosco, Design of U-Tube Aeration Systems, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division-A.S.C.E., 96:SA3, pp. 715-725, June 1970.

R. E. Speece, J. L. Adams, and C. B. Wooldridge, U-Tube Aeration Operating Characteristics, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division-A. S. C. E., 95:SA3, pp. 563-574, June 1969.