<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE Publisher PUBLIC "-//MetaPress//DTD MetaPress 2.0//EN" "http://public.metapress.com/dtd/MPRESS/MetaPressv2.dtd">
<Publisher>
	<PublisherInfo>
		<PublisherName>Baywood Publishing Company</PublisherName>
	</PublisherInfo>
	<Journal>
		<JournalInfo JournalType="Journals">
			<JournalPrintISSN>0047-2433</JournalPrintISSN>
			<JournalElectronicISSN>1541-3802</JournalElectronicISSN>
			<JournalTitle>Journal of Environmental Systems</JournalTitle>
			<JournalCode>BWES</JournalCode>
			<JournalID>300323</JournalID>
			<JournalURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=journal&amp;id=300323</JournalURL>
		</JournalInfo>
		<Volume>
			<VolumeInfo>
				<VolumeNumber>20</VolumeNumber>
			</VolumeInfo>
			<Issue>
				<IssueInfo IssueType="Regular">
					<IssueNumberBegin>4</IssueNumberBegin>
					<IssueNumberEnd>4</IssueNumberEnd>
					<IssueSupplement>0</IssueSupplement>
					<IssuePartStart>0</IssuePartStart>
					<IssuePartEnd>0</IssuePartEnd>
					<IssueSequence>000020000419900101</IssueSequence>
					<IssuePublicationDate>
						<CoverDate Year="1990" Month="1" Day="1"/>
						<CoverDisplay>Number 4 / 1990-91</CoverDisplay>
					</IssuePublicationDate>
					<IssueID>CBKDQUJD4DP3</IssueID>
					<IssueURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=issue&amp;id=CBKDQUJD4DP3</IssueURL>
				</IssueInfo>
				<Article ArticleType="Original">
					<ArticleInfo Free="No" ESM="No">
						<ArticleDOI>10.2190/22FP-J4BR-NXQF-91EB</ArticleDOI>
						<ArticlePII>22FPJ4BRNXQF91EB</ArticlePII>
						<ArticleSequenceNumber>1</ArticleSequenceNumber>
						<ArticleTitle Language="En">Calculating the Net Greenhouse Warming Effect of Renewable Energy Resources: Methanol from Biomass</ArticleTitle>
						<ArticleFirstPage>287</ArticleFirstPage>
						<ArticleLastPage>301</ArticleLastPage>
						<ArticleHistory>
							<RegistrationDate>20020509</RegistrationDate>
							<ReceivedDate>20020509</ReceivedDate>
							<Accepted>20020509</Accepted>
							<OnlineDate>20020509</OnlineDate>
						</ArticleHistory>
						<FullTextFileName>22FPJ4BRNXQF91EB.pdf</FullTextFileName>
						<FullTextURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&amp;id=22FPJ4BRNXQF91EB</FullTextURL>
						<Composite>4</Composite>
					</ArticleInfo>
					<ArticleHeader>
						<AuthorGroup>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Rex</GivenName>
								<Initials>T.</Initials>
								<FamilyName>Ellington</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Mark</GivenName>
								<Initials/>
								<FamilyName>Meo</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Affiliation AFFID="A1">
								<OrgDivision/>
								<OrgName>University of Oklahoma, Norman</OrgName>
								<OrgAddress/>
							</Affiliation>
						</AuthorGroup>
						<Abstract Language="En">We present a quantitative method that accounts for all greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted from technical systems (not just their primary processes) for their full life-cycle plus after effects to give an unambiguous basis for comparing the total greenhouse warming &quot;forcing&quot; of alternative projects or plans. A systems perspective is used to include the entire supporting infrastructure. The life-cycle-plus perspective includes the GHGs emitted during the system's construction, operating life, and salvage periods plus final decay of residual GHGs. It captures all system emissions, including activities separated in location or time, to characterize the technical or policy trade-offs available to decision makers. The fundamental soundness of the method is demonstrated by assessing the total greenhouse warming effect of a biomass energy system.</Abstract>
						<biblist>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="1">R. E. Benedick, A. Chayes, D. A. Lashof, J. T. Mathews, W. A. Nitze, E. L. Richardson, J. K. Sebenius, P. S. Thacher, and D. A. Wirth, &lt;i&gt;Greenhouse Warming: Negotiating a Global Regime&lt;/i&gt;, World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C., 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="2">D. A. Lashof and D. A. Tirpak (eds.), &lt;i&gt;Policy Options for Stabilizing Global Climate&lt;/i&gt;, Report to Congress, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="3">P. H. Sand, International Cooperation: The Environmental Experience, J. T. Mathews (ed.), &lt;i&gt;Preserving the Global Environment&lt;/i&gt;, W. W. Norton &amp; Co., New York, pp. 236-279, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="4">D. G Victor, How to Slow Global Warming, &lt;i&gt;Nature, 349&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 451-456, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="5">S. J. DeCanio and K. N. Lee, Doing Well by Doing Good: Technology Transfer to Protect the Ozone, &lt;i&gt;Policy Studies Journal, 19&lt;/i&gt;:2, pp. 140-151, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="6">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, &lt;i&gt;Climate Change: The IPCC Response Strategies&lt;/i&gt;, Island Press, Washington, D. C., 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="7">California Energy Commission, &lt;i&gt;Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts &amp; Policy Recommendation&lt;/i&gt;, 2 Volumes, P500-91-007VI/2, Sacramento, California, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="8">California Energy Commission, &lt;i&gt;Energy Technology Status Report&lt;/i&gt;, P500-90-003E, Sacramento, California, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="9">National Energy Strategy, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., (1st Edition 1991/1992).</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="10">R. T. Ellington and M. Meo, Development of a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Index, &lt;i&gt;Chemical Engineering Progress, 86&lt;/i&gt;:7, pp. 58-63, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="11">J. T. Houghton, G. T. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums (eds.), &lt;i&gt;Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment&lt;/i&gt;, Report prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="12">D. A. Lashof and D. R. Ahuja, Relative Contributions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Global Warming, &lt;i&gt;Nature, 344&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 529-531, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="13">A. L. Hammond, E. Rodenburg, and W. Moomaw, Accountability in the Greenhouse, &lt;i&gt;Nature, 347&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 705-706, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="14">R. T. Ellington and M. Meo, Greenhouse Gases, Utilities and Climate Policy: Performance Measures for Assessing Trade-Offs, Paper 91-12.1, 84th Annual Meeting, Air and Waste Management Association, Vancouver, B. C., 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="15">R. T. Ellington, M. Meo, and D. Baugh, The Total Greenhouse Warming Effect of Technical Systems: Analysis for Decision Making, submitted to &lt;i&gt;Journal of Air &amp; Waste Management Association&lt;/i&gt;, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="16">R. T. Ellington and M. Meo, Rational Guidelines for National and International Decision Making about Global Warming, &lt;i&gt;Earth Observations and Global Change Decision Making 1990: A National Partnership, 2&lt;/i&gt;, I. Ginsberg and J. Angelo (eds.), Krieger Publishing Co., Melbourne, Florida, pp. 285-290, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="17">H. Rodhe, A Comparison of the Contribution of Various Gases to the Greenhouse Effect, &lt;i&gt;Science, 248&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 1217-1219, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="18">W. C. Wang, M. P. Dudek, X. E. Liang, and J. T. Kiehl, Inadequacy of Effective CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; as a Proxy in Simulating the Greenhouse Effect of Other Radiatively Active Trace Gases, &lt;i&gt;Nature, 350&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 573-577, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="19">E. A. Rhoades, S. B. Holbert, and C. W. Berish, Method for Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Proposed Projects, Paper 91-128.3, 84th Annual Meeting, Air and Waste Management Association, Vancouver, B. C., 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="20">M. Brewer, &lt;i&gt;Cool Energy - The Renewable Solution to Global Warming&lt;/i&gt;, Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="21">W. A. Nierenberg, Atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: Causes, Effects, and Options, &lt;i&gt;Chemical Engineering Progress, 85&lt;/i&gt;:8, pp. 27-36, 1989.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="22">R. E. Dickinson and R. J. Cicerone, Future Global Warming from Atmospheric Trace Gases, &lt;i&gt;Nature, 319&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 109-115, 1986.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="23">Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, &lt;i&gt;Economic Feasibility Study of a Wood-Gasification Based Methanol Plant&lt;/i&gt;, SERI/STR-231-3141, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, 1987.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="24">A. Kokkinos, Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Emissions, &lt;i&gt;EPRI Journal, 15&lt;/i&gt;:3, pp. 36-39, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="25">D. A. Bromley, Keynote Address, &lt;i&gt;Earth Observations and Global Change Decision Making, 1990: A National Partnership, 2&lt;/i&gt;, I. Ginsberg and J. Angelo (eds.), Krieger Publishing Co., Melbourne, Florida, pp. 9-15, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="26">J. A. Fava, R. Denison, B. Jones, M. A. Curran, B. Vigon, S. Selke, and J. Barnum (eds.), &lt;i&gt;A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessments&lt;/i&gt;, SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education, Inc., Washington, D. C., 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="27">N. D. Mortimer, Energy Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources, &lt;i&gt;Energy Policy, 19&lt;/i&gt;:4, pp. 375-385, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="28">K. R. Gurney, National Greenhouse Accounting, &lt;i&gt;Nature, 353&lt;/i&gt;, p. 23, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="29">F. J. Stermole, &lt;i&gt;Economic Evaluation and Investment Decision Methods&lt;/i&gt;, Investment Evaluation Corp., Golden, Colorado, 1984.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="30">M. A. DeLuchi, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from the Use of Gasoline, Methanol, and Other Alternative Transportation Fuels, &lt;i&gt;Methanol as an Alternative Fuel Choice: An Assessment&lt;/i&gt;, W. L. Kohl (ed.), The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, Washington, D. C., pp. 167-199, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="31">A. Schriesheim, Toward a Golden Age for Technology Transfer, &lt;i&gt;Issues in Science and Technology, 7&lt;/i&gt;:2, pp. 52-58, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
						</biblist>
					</ArticleHeader>
				</Article>
			</Issue>
		</Volume>
	</Journal>
</Publisher>
