10.2190/0HC1-UGML-97N6-UPFE 0HC1UGML97N6UPFE 3 Effects of Educational and Feedback Interventions on Recycling Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors 321 333 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 0HC1UGML97N6UPFE.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=0HC1UGML97N6UPFE 4 Linda M. Goldenhar Cathleen M. Connell University of Michigan, Ann Arbor The relative effects of education and feedback strategies on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding waste recycling were studied. Baseline and follow-up data were gathered from 1,619 university students. Using a quasi-experimental design, eight dormitories were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. No statistically significant group differences were discovered in terms of students' attitudes or beliefs about recycling, however, the feedback groups reported higher levels of recycling behavior than did the education or control groups (<i>F</i> = 12.8 (1, 3,325), <i>p</i> < .001). Implications for designing and evaluating intervention programs aimed at increasing waste recycling behavior are discussed. P. C. Stern and S. Oskamp, Managing Scarce Environmental Resources, in <i>Handbook of Environmental Psychology</i>, D. Stokols and I. Altman (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 1043-1088, 1988. M. Costanzo, D. Archer, E. Aronson, and T. Pettigrew, Energy Conservation Behavior: The Difficult Path from Information to Action, <i>American Psychologist, 41</i>, pp. 521-528, 1986. S. Oskamp, Psychology's Role in the Conserving Society, <i>Population and Environment</i>, pp. 255-292, 1983. R. A. Winett and P. Ester, Behavioral Science and Energy Conservation: Conceptualizations, Strategies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications, <i>Journal of Economic Psychology, 3</i>, pp. 203-229, 1983. E. S. Geller, Applied Behavioral Analysis and Social Marketing: An Integration for Environmental Preservation, <i>Journal of Social Issues, 45</i>, pp. 17-36, 1989. S. W. Cook and J. L. Berrenberg, Approaches to Encouraging Conservation Behavior: A Review and Conceptual Framework, <i>Journal of Social Issues, 37</i>, pp. 73-107, 1981. J. F. Witmer and E. S. Geller, Facilitating Paper Recycling: Effects of Prompts, Raffles, and Contests, <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9</i>, pp. 315-322, 1976. E. S. Geller, R. C. Wylie, and J. C. Farris, An Attempt at Applying Prompting and Reinforcement toward Pollution Control (Summary), <i>Proceedings of the 79th Annual Convention of the APA, 6</i>, pp. 701-702, 1971. J. Vining and A. Ebreo, An Evaluation of the Public Response to a Community Recycling Education Program, <i>Society and Natural Resources, 2</i>, pp. 23-36, 1989. S. M. Burn and S. Oskamp, Increasing Community Recycling with Persuasive Communication and Public Commitment, <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16</i> pp. 29-41, 1986. H. E. Jacobs and J. S. Bailey, Evaluating Participation in a Residential Recycling Program, <i>Journal of Environmental Systems, 12</i>, pp. 141-152, 1982. E. S. Geller, R. A. Winett, and P. B. Everett, <i>Preserving the Environment: New Strategies for Behavior</i> Change, Pergamon, New York, 1982. P. D. Luyben and J. S. Bailey, Newspaper Recycling: The Effects of Rewards and Proximity of Containers, <i>Environment and Behavior, 11</i>, pp. 539-557, 1979. T. H. Wang and R. D. Katzev, Group Commitment and Resource Conservation: Two Field Experiments on Promoting Recycling, <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20</i>, pp. 265-275, 1990. R. DeYoung, Encouraging Environmentally Appropriate Behavior: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation, <i>Journal of Environmental Systems, 15</i>, pp. 281-282, 1985-86. R. DeYoung, Motivating People to Recycle: The Use of Incentives, <i>Resource Recycling, 42</i>, pp. 14-15, 1984. J. D Fisher, P. A. Bell, and A. Baum, <i>Environmental Psychology</i>, (2nd Edition), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1984. E. S. Geller, J. B. Erickson, and B. A. Buttram, Attempts to Promote Residential Water Conservation with Educational, Behavioral, and Engineering Strategies, <i>Population and Environment, 6</i>, pp. 96-112, 1983. H. R. Mishima and R. Katzev, <i>Effects of Feedback on Paper Recycling</i>, unpublished manuscript, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, 1988. I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein, <i>Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior</i>, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1980. J. Neter, W. Wasserman, and M. H. Kutner, <i>Applied Linear Statistical Models: Regression, Analysis of Variance, and Experimental Design</i>, pp. 580-582, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Illinois, 1985. T. D. Cook and D. T. Campbell, <i>Quasi-Experimentation, Design, and Analysis Issues for Field Settings</i>, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1979. M. S. Wysor, Comparing College Students' Environmental Perceptions and Attitudes: A Methodological Investigation, <i>Environment and Behavior, 15</i>, pp. 615-645, 1983. R. E. Dunlap, The Impact of Political Orientation on Environmental Attitudes and Actions, <i>Environment and Behavior, 7</i>, pp. 428-454, 1975. J. Arbuthnot, The Roles of Attitudinal and Personality Variables in the Prediction of Environmental Behavior and Knowledge, <i>Environment and Behavior, 9</i>, pp. 217-232, 1977. A. E. Kazdin, <i>Behavior Modification in Applied Settings</i>, The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois, 1980. C. T. Fitz-Gibbon and L. L. Morris, <i>How to Design a Program Evaluation</i>, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California, 1978.