10.2190/X67V-179H-241F-6JQJ X67V179H241F6JQJ 1 The State and Environmental Degradation in Nigeria: A Study of the 1988 Toxic Waste Dump in Koko 207 227 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 X67V179H241F6JQJ.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=X67V179H241F6JQJ 3 Julius O. Ihonvbere The University of Texas at Austin E. Ohaeto, Beyond the Toxic Waste, <i>The Guardian</i>, July 16, 1988. Madam Rowoli Oritsche, Market Woman, translated from Pidgin English, Koko Town, August 1991. R. Batstone, J. E. Smith, Jr., and D. Wilson (eds.), <i>The Safe Disposal of Hazardous Wastes—The Special Needs and Problems of Developing Countries, Volumes I, 11, and III</i>, The World Bank, Washington, D. C., 1989. E. El-Hinnawi and M. Ul-Haque Hashmi (eds.), <i>Global Environmental Issues—United Nations Programme</i>, Tycooly International Publishing Limited for United Nations Environment Programme, Dublin, 1982. UNEP, <i>Environment and Development in Africa</i>, Pergamon Press, New York, 1981. UNEP, <i>Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal—FINAL ACT</i>, 1989. UNEP, <i>Environmental Guidelines for Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes</i>, Environmental Management Guidelines, No. 18, Nairobi, 1990. Overseas Development Institute, <i>Environment, Markets and Development</i>, briefing paper, February 1990. J. O. Ihonvbere (ed.), <i>The Political Economy of Crisis and Underdevelopment in Africa: Selected Works of Claude Ake</i>, JAD Publishers, Lagos, 1989. J. O. Ihonvbere, The Economic Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Depth, Dimensions and Prospects for Recovery, <i>The Journal of International Studies, 27</i>, pp. 41-69, July 1991. <i>Africa Recovery</i>, published by the Information Unit, Office of the Secretary-General of the United Nations (various issues). World Bank, <i>Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth—A Long Term Perspective Study</i>, World Bank, Washington, D. C., 1989. J. O. Ihonvbere, Between Debt and Disaster: The Politics of Africa's Debt Crisis, in <i>In Depth: A Journal for Values and Public Policy</i>, Washington, D. C., 1994. J. O. Ihonvbere, Africa and the New World Order, <i>Iranian Journal of International Africa</i>, Summer 1991. Institute for African Alternatives, <i>Alternative Development Strategies for Africa: Report on IFAA/IDS Conference</i>, IFAA, London, 1989. C. Lancaster, Economic Restructuring in Sub-Saharan Africa, <i>Current History, 88</i>, p. 538, May 1989. A. Adedeji, <i>The African Alternative: Putting the People First</i>, ECA, Addis Ababa, 1990. Economic Commission for Africa, <i>The African Charter for Popular Participation in Development</i>, ECA, Addis Ababa, 1990. C. Hilz, <i>The International Toxic Waste Trade</i>, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York, 1992. J. O. Ihonvbere, Structural Adjustment, the April 1990 Coup and Democratization in Nigeria, <i>Africa Quarterly, 29</i>:3-4, pp. 17-39, 1990. J. O. Ihonvbere, Structural Adjustment and Nigeria's Democratic Transition, <i>Trans-Africa Forum, 8</i>:3, pp. 61-83, Fall 1991. Drums of Death—Crusading Nigeria Trapped in Industrial Waste Dump Scandal, <i>The African Guardian</i>, June 20, 1988. Koko Waste Toxic; Experts Submit Report, <i>Daily Times</i>, June 28, 1988. T. Fabunmi, Koko Dump Most Deadly: Expert Report Confirms, <i>National Concord</i>, June 28, 1988. T. Okhamera, Government Receives Experts' Report on Toxic Waste Dump, <i>The Guardian</i>, June 28, 1988. Koko Toxic Waste not Radio-Active, <i>Daily Times</i>, June 25, 1988. M. Holman, Dangers of Nigerian Toxic Dump Emphasized, <i>Financial Times</i>, June 28, 1988. 3 Koko Drums Highly Radio-Active—Japanese Experts, <i>Daily Times</i>, July 16, 1988. Toxic Wastes: BBC Talks with Guardian Reporter, <i>The Guardian</i>, June 14, 1988. Koko Waste Contains Inflammable Substances, <i>Daily Times</i>, November 30, 1990. T. Bee, The Toxic Invasion, <i>National Concord</i>, November 27, 1989. P. Omoni, Another Toxic Waste Ship Coming, <i>The Punch</i>, April 22, 1990. M. Okeke, Imported Fish now for Toxic Test, <i>The Punch</i>, April 25, 1990. D. Elumony, Panel to Investigate Ishagbon Waste Dump, <i>The Punch</i>, September 27, 1990. C. Uroh, M. V. Arion 1: The Beef Scare of a ‘Toxic’ Cargo, <i>The Guardian</i>, November 6, 1989. Toxic Waste Radio Active—Minister, <i>The Republic</i>, June 28, 1988. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, August 1991. <i>Interview</i>, August 1991. A. Igbehin, Koko Toxic Waste Affair Blamed on Ignorance, <i>Daily Times</i>, October 8, 1990. <i>Interview</i>, August 1991. Statement Issued by Koko Chiefs on Plans to Evacuate the Community by the Federal Government, July 1988. <i>Interview</i>, Koko, August 1991. <i>Interview with a Koko Chief</i>, Koko Town, August 1991. F. Adebayo, Group against Toxic Waste Formed, <i>National Concord</i>, June 1988. <i>Programme of Action of the Koko Defence Group</i>, Warri, June 1988. <i>Interview</i>, July 1991. M. Asuquo, If the Uproar on Koko Waste Dump has Died Down, the People's Concerns Hasn't, <i>The Guardian</i>, June 29, 1988. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Port, August 1991. Drums of Death: Crusading Nigeria Trapped in Industrial Waste Dump Scandal, <i>The African Guardian</i>, June 20, 1988. J. Orife, Koko Toxic Waste Deposit: Landowner Arrested, <i>Sunday Concord</i>, June 12, 1988. The Making of a Scandal, <i>The African Guardian</i>, June 20, 1988. Y. Omotoso, Tribunal Says it Can Try Toxic Waste Detainees, <i>The Punch</i>, November 11, 1989. Koko Toxic Waste Dump: Nana's House Acquired for Research Station, <i>New Nigerian</i>, June 25, 1988. T. Awe and F. Agbe, Italian Ship Detained Over Toxic Wastes, <i>Vanguard</i>, June 11, 1988. B. Oseni, Toxic Waste: Italian Ship Detained, <i>Daily Sketch</i>, June 11, 1988. Statement by the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, June 10, 1988. Law on Toxic Waste in the Making, <i>New Nigerian</i>, July 11, 1988. A. Ogunrinde, Merchants of Death, <i>Sunday Sketch</i>, June 12, 1988. S. Fatuse, Toxic Waste Dump: 15 Nigerians Arrested, <i>The Punch</i>, June 14, 1988. O. Lakemfa, Federal Government Must Stop Dumping of Toxic Waste in Benin Republic … Expert Says it's as Dangerous as Having it in Koko, <i>Vanguard</i>, June 21, 1988. IBB on How to Check Dumping of Toxic Waste, <i>The Republic</i>, June 25, 1988. M. Ogbeide, Toxic Waste: Benin, a Dumping Ground—Government Official, <i>National Concord</i>, August 3, 1988. T. Momodu, Waste Threatens International Relations, <i>Daily Times</i>, May 31, 1989. Toxic Wastes: Who Takes the Rap?, <i>The African Guardian</i>, June 27, 1988. S. Awogbade, Legal Implications of Toxic Waste Problem, <i>Sunday Guardian</i>, June 19, 1988. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, July 1981. <i>Interview with a Senior Official of the Customs and Excise</i>, Koko Port, August 1991. <i>Interview with Mr. Roland Edewor</i>, Mr. Edewor is a farmer who uses a lot of fertilizer on his farms though he has no idea as to what the chemical compositions are. He also admitted that it is "easier to kill a lot of fish with chemicals than with the fishing net or fishing pond." As far as he was concerned, "the tide will wash the chemicals into the ocean and replace it with new clean water." Quotations are all translations from pidgin english, Koko Town, August 1991. J. O. Ihonvbere, <i>Labour, State and Capital in Nigeria's Oil Industry</i>, Mellen Research University Press, San Francisco, 1994. J. O. Ihonvbere and T. M. Shaw, Petroleum Proletariat: Nigerian Oil Workers in Comparative and Contextual Perspective, in <i>Labour and Unions in Asia and Africa</i>, R. Southall (ed.), Macmillan, London, 1988. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, July 1991. <i>Interview</i>, Iwere College, Koko, August, 1991. <i>Interview</i>, Iwere College, Koko, August 1991. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, July 1991. <i>Interview with Mr. Samson Omagbemi</i>, Koko Port, July 1991. <i>Interview with S. K. D.</i>, Koko Port, August 1991. <i>Interview with a Senior Dockworker</i>, Koko Port, August 1991. E. Ohaeto, Beyond the Toxic Waste, <i>The Guardian</i>, July 16, 1988. <i>Interview</i>, Lagos, August 1991. S. Ogunseitan, A Thousand and One Kokos, <i>The Guardian</i>, July 6, 1988. T. Bee, The Toxic Invasion, <i>National Concord</i>, November 27, 1989. O. Ayeni, Concerns Over the Environment: Rectifying the Damage, <i>West Africa</i>, May 13-19, 1991. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, August 1991. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, July 1991. <i>Interview</i>, Koko Town, August 1991. D. Elumoye, Toxic Waste Dump at Koko: Refilling Exercise to End in October, <i>The Punch</i>, September 5, 1989. D. Elumoye, Decontamination of Koko Begins Today, <i>The Punch</i>, December 12, 1988. T. Okhanmera, Decontamination of Koko Port May End in July, <i>The Guardian</i>, April 24, 1989. <i>Statement by Evans Aina</i>, Director, Largos, Federal Environmental Protection Agency, April 20, 1989. <i>Interview with a Teacher of Iwere College</i>, August 1991. D. Elumoye, Koko Port Opens to Traffic, <i>The Punch</i>, February 3, 1990. B. Awogbemi, Koko Town Now Safe, <i>Nigerian Tribune</i>, March 28, 1990. What Killed Nana?, <i>Daily Times</i>, March 19, 1990. P. Osunbor, How the Toxic Land Lord Died, <i>African Concord</i>, April 2 K. Ume-Ezeoke, Nana Didn't Die of Contamination—Federal Government, <i>Daily Vanguard</i>, May 1, 1990. T. Akingbade, What Killed Nana?, <i>Sunday Guardian</i>, May 6, 1990. <i>Interview with a Worker at Government Hospital</i>, Koko, July 1991. T. Akutu, Toxic Waste: The Mote in Our Eyes, <i>The Guardian</i>, July 16, 1988. Outrageous Negligence, <i>The African Guardian</i>, June 20, 1988. G. Sogolo, The Japanese Verdict, <i>The Guardian</i>, July 25, 1988. L. Okoroma, Security Implications of the Koko Affair, <i>Daily Times</i>, June 22, 1988. D. Ojo, What Options against Toxic Waste, <i>Daily Times</i>, July 22, 1988. A. Ogunrinde, Merchants of Death, <i>Sunday Sketch</i>, June 12, 1988. S. Ogunseitan, The Chilly Arm of Toxic Radiation, <i>Sunday Guardian</i>, June 19, 1988.