<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE Publisher PUBLIC "-//MetaPress//DTD MetaPress 2.0//EN" "http://public.metapress.com/dtd/MPRESS/MetaPressv2.dtd">
<Publisher>
	<PublisherInfo>
		<PublisherName>Baywood Publishing Company</PublisherName>
	</PublisherInfo>
	<Journal>
		<JournalInfo JournalType="Journals">
			<JournalPrintISSN>0047-2433</JournalPrintISSN>
			<JournalElectronicISSN>1541-3802</JournalElectronicISSN>
			<JournalTitle>Journal of Environmental Systems</JournalTitle>
			<JournalCode>BWES</JournalCode>
			<JournalID>300323</JournalID>
			<JournalURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=journal&amp;id=300323</JournalURL>
		</JournalInfo>
		<Volume>
			<VolumeInfo>
				<VolumeNumber>24</VolumeNumber>
			</VolumeInfo>
			<Issue>
				<IssueInfo IssueType="Regular">
					<IssueNumberBegin>1</IssueNumberBegin>
					<IssueNumberEnd>1</IssueNumberEnd>
					<IssueSupplement>0</IssueSupplement>
					<IssuePartStart>0</IssuePartStart>
					<IssuePartEnd>0</IssuePartEnd>
					<IssueSequence>000024000119950101</IssueSequence>
					<IssuePublicationDate>
						<CoverDate Year="1995" Month="1" Day="1"/>
						<CoverDisplay>Number 1 / 1995-96</CoverDisplay>
					</IssuePublicationDate>
					<IssueID>YYF40LPG1A0E</IssueID>
					<IssueURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=issue&amp;id=YYF40LPG1A0E</IssueURL>
				</IssueInfo>
				<Article ArticleType="Original">
					<ArticleInfo Free="No" ESM="No">
						<ArticleDOI>10.2190/1LYR-77C3-QUVF-2JFX</ArticleDOI>
						<ArticlePII>1LYR77C3QUVF2JFX</ArticlePII>
						<ArticleSequenceNumber>1</ArticleSequenceNumber>
						<ArticleTitle Language="En">A Comparison of Methods for Evaluating &quot;Environmental Choice&quot; Packaging</ArticleTitle>
						<ArticleFirstPage>1</ArticleFirstPage>
						<ArticleLastPage>24</ArticleLastPage>
						<ArticleHistory>
							<RegistrationDate>20020509</RegistrationDate>
							<ReceivedDate>20020509</ReceivedDate>
							<Accepted>20020509</Accepted>
							<OnlineDate>20020509</OnlineDate>
						</ArticleHistory>
						<FullTextFileName>1LYR77C3QUVF2JFX.pdf</FullTextFileName>
						<FullTextURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&amp;id=1LYR77C3QUVF2JFX</FullTextURL>
						<Composite>1</Composite>
					</ArticleInfo>
					<ArticleHeader>
						<AuthorGroup>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>C.</GivenName>
								<Initials>Clare</Initials>
								<FamilyName>Hinrichs</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Ellen</GivenName>
								<Initials>Z.</Initials>
								<FamilyName>Harrison</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Affiliation AFFID="A1">
								<OrgDivision/>
								<OrgName>Cornell University, Ithaca, New York</OrgName>
								<OrgAddress/>
							</Affiliation>
						</AuthorGroup>
						<Abstract Language="En">Determining &quot;environmental choice&quot; products within product categories is not always obvious, and formal life cycle assessment is rarely possible for solid waste educators. Three more streamlined packaging evaluation methods and the practice-based assessments of a waste reduction educator are compared in evaluating product choices in dishwashing liquid, fabric softener, cranberry juice, pancakes, and soup. The Cornell method includes weight and volume-based measures, with an adjustment for local recyclability of packaging materials, and a transportation efficiency measure. The Tellus method assigns &quot;environmental costs&quot; based on the unadjusted weight of packaging waste, while the CONEG method entails qualitative application of &quot;preferred packaging guidelines.&quot; The methods ranked products within categories similarly when choices involved different sized versions of the same packaging materials. They disagreed when product choices involved different packaging materials, not all of which were locally recyclable. Recommendations include more development of source reduced, recyclable packaging containing concentrated products.</Abstract>
						<biblist>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="1">Franklin Associates, &lt;i&gt;Background Document on Clean Products Research and Implementation&lt;/i&gt;, U. S. E. P. A., Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C., 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="2">M. A. Curran, Broad-based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, &lt;i&gt;Environmental Science and Technology, 27&lt;/i&gt;:3, pp. 430-436, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="3">Franklin Associates, &lt;i&gt;Energy and Environmental Profile Analysis of Children's Disposable and Cloth Diapers&lt;/i&gt;, final report prepared for American Paper Institute and Diaper Manufacturers Group, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="4">C. Lehrburger, J. Mullen, and C. V. Jones, &lt;i&gt;Diapers: Environmental Impacts and Life Cycle Analysis&lt;/i&gt;, report prepared for the National Association of Diaper Services, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="5">Franklin Associates, &lt;i&gt;Environmental, Safety and Health Impact of Polystyrene&lt;/i&gt;, final report prepared for Mobil Chemical Company, 1990.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="6">Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, &lt;i&gt;A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessments&lt;/i&gt;, Washington, D. C., 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="7">Battelle and Franklin Associates, &lt;i&gt;Life-Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles&lt;/i&gt;, U. S. E. P. A., Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C., 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="8">G. A. Davis, &lt;i&gt;The Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Environmental Labelling Programs&lt;/i&gt;, U. S. E. P. A., Washington, D. C., 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="9">Marbek Resource Consultants, &lt;i&gt;Product Life Cycle Assessments: Key Issues and Options for the Environmental Choice Program&lt;/i&gt;, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 1991.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="10">S. Reaven, Life-cycle Energy, Resource and Environmental Impacts, in &lt;i&gt;An Assessment of Impacts Associated with Implementation of the Suffolk County Plastics Law&lt;/i&gt;, R. Swanson, V. Breslin, S. Reaven et al. (eds.), Local Law 10-1988, Special Report No. 106, Waste Management Institute, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="11">P. R. Portney, &lt;i&gt;Product Life Cycle Analysis: A Public Policy Perspective&lt;/i&gt;, Resources for the Future, discussion paper CRM, Washington, D. C., pp. 93-106, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="12">Minnesota Office of Waste Management, &lt;i&gt;SMART Shopping: Techniques Used to Measure Packaging Waste&lt;/i&gt;, Fact Sheet, 1992.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="13">P. Murphy, &lt;i&gt;The Garbage Primer&lt;/i&gt;, Lyons and Burford, League of Women Voters Education Fund, New York, p. 13, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="14">DSM Environmental Services, &lt;i&gt;Springfield Model Cities Program&lt;/i&gt;, final report to the American Plastics Council, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="15">DSM Environmental Services, &lt;i&gt;An Analysis of Organized Curbside Collection of Recyclables in the Rural Communities of Cornwall and Orwell, Vermont&lt;/i&gt;, final report to the American Plastics Council, Addison County Solid Waste Management District and Vermont Department of Conservation, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="16">Waste Matters Consulting, &lt;i&gt;West Linn Model Cities Program&lt;/i&gt;, final report to the American Plastics Council, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="17">S. Reaven, Energy Impacts of the Manufacture and Use of Lumber from Recycled Plastics, in &lt;i&gt;Secondary Materials: Engineering Properties, Environmental Consequences, and Social and Economic Impacts&lt;/i&gt;, V. Breslin, S. Reaven, and J. Schubel et al. (eds.), Final Report, No. 1536-ERER-POP-91, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, New York.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="18">A. Meyburg and L. Nozick, &lt;i&gt;Personal Communication&lt;/i&gt;, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, September 22, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="19">Tellus Institute, &lt;i&gt;CSG/Tellus Packaging Study&lt;/i&gt;, Boston, Massachusetts, 1992.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="20">Coalition of Northeastern Governors, final report of the Source Reduction Task Force, CONEG Policy Research Center, Washington, D. C., 1989.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="21">C. Miller, Packaging—Reduce, Recycle, or What? &lt;i&gt;Waste Age, 25&lt;/i&gt;:1, pp. 31-32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 1994.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="22">F. Ackerman, Analyzing the True Costs of Packaging, &lt;i&gt;BioCycle, 34&lt;/i&gt;:4, pp. 68-70, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
						</biblist>
					</ArticleHeader>
				</Article>
			</Issue>
		</Volume>
	</Journal>
</Publisher>
