Journal Facts

Journal
Journal of Environmental Systems
ISSN
0047-2433 (print) 1541-3802 (electronic)
Volume
24
Issue
3
Date
1/1/1995

Article Facts

Title
Nutrient Removal by Modified Activated Sludge Processes
DOI
10.2190/8688-HY09-Y50R-B4K5
Authors
  • Anoop Kapoor
  • Pradeep Kumar
  • T. Viraraghavan
Pages
311-343
Online Date
05/09/2002

Article Links

Nutrient Removal by Modified Activated Sludge Processes

Anoop Kapoor
Pradeep Kumar
T. Viraraghavan

DOI: 10.2190/8688-HY09-Y50R-B4K5

Abstract

Stringent wastewater effluent criteria require removal of nutrients from wastewater. Biological processes are now being preferred to chemical precipitation for the removal of nutrients (especially phosphorus) from wastewater, due to a better understanding of the biological nutrient removal mechanisms and reduced operating costs. Modified activated sludge (single-sludge) processes are now being increasingly used for nutrient removal. This article reviews the basic principles and mechanisms involved in nutrient removal from wastewater. Various modified activated sludge processes are studied and compared with an emphasis on design aspects. Nutrient removal capabilities of some treatment plants using various modified activated sludge processes are examined.

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