10.2190/4URE-84JL-CD1P-3N7M 4URE84JLCD1P3N7M 6 Environmental Impact Evaluation and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Cooling Tower Technologies 309 330 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 4URE84JLCD1P3N7M.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=4URE84JLCD1P3N7M 3 Becky Ziebro Deborah I. Nelson Jess W. Everett The University of Oklahoma, Norman As environmental awareness increases, factors other than economic costs must be considered during product design. A new cooling tower design was compared to more traditional design considering energy usage, environmental impacts, and worker health and safety. the greater control over air flowrates provided by the new design allows for possible energy savings above traditional designs. the reduction in energy not only saves the user money, but carries with it the added environmental bonus of reducing emissions associated with energy production and consumption. Other environmental benefits found included potential reductions in noise and dust emissions, reduced chemical usage, elimination of sludge cleanout/disposal, and increased aesthetic appeal. Finally, the new design places mechanical components near ground level, reducing the risks to maintenance personnel associated with elevated working environments. the enclosed structure also eliminates the potential confined space entry hazards often associated with traditional towers. K. R. Wilber and R. O. Webb, <i>Environmental Effects of Cooling Towers</i>, National Environmental Studies Project of the Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., Knoxville, Tennessee, 1983. Cooling Tower Institute, Environmental Aspects of Cooling System Operation, in <i>CTI Cooling Tower Manual</i>, Chapter 8, Houston, Texas, 1981. G. Mirsky, K. Bryant, and J. Libert, the Latest Worldwide Technology in Environmentally Designed Cooling Towers, <i>CTI Journal, 13</i>:2, pp. 20-28, 1992. Cooling Tower Institute, Water Chemistry and Treatments, in <i>CTI Cooling Tower Manual</i>, Chapter 6, Houston, Texas, 1990. Electric Power Research Institute, <i>Options for Handling Noncombustion Waste</i>, Palo Alto, California, 1993. Anonymous, Cooling Tower Institute's Annual Operating Seminar, February 8, 1991, <i>CTI Journal, 13</i>:1, pp. 52-73, 1992. J. L. Dennis, An Unnecessary Risk: Legionnaires' Disease, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 1071, <i>Biological Contaminants in Indoor Environments</i>, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 84-98, July 16-19, 1989. N. P. Cheremisinoff and P. N. Cheremisinoff, <i>Cooling Towers, Selection, Design and Practice</i>, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1981. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Cooling Towers, in <i>ASHRAE Handbook, 1992 HVAC Systems and Equipment</i>, Chapter 37, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Georgia, 1992. S. V. Shelton and E. D. Weber, Modeling and Optimization of Commercial Building Chiller/Cooling Tower Systems, <i>ASHRAE Transactions, 97</i>, pt. 2, pp. 1209-1216, 1991. D. Heard, personal communication, Houston, Texas, September 1994. Ecodyne Cooling Products Division, <i>Weather Data Handbook</i>, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, 1980. Roadway of Oklahoma City, personal communication, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, August 1994. B. Russell, University of Oklahoma, personal communication, Norman, Oklahoma, August 1994. J. Hipskind, K. Hawks, J. Tumilty, and V. Goldschmidt, Natural Cooling Cycle in Cooling Towers—Analysis and Utilisation, <i>ASHRAE Transactions, 97</i>, pp. 1197-1208, 1991. Marley Cooling Tower Company, <i>Cooling Tower Energy and Its Management</i>, Technical Report No. H-001 A, Mission, Kansas, 1982. I. Karassik, W. Krutzsch, W. Fraser, and J. Messina (eds.), <i>Pump Handbook</i>, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, 1986. American Institute for Pollution Prevention and J. R. Aldrich, <i>A Primer for Financial Analysis of Pollution Prevention Projects</i>, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-93/059, Washington, D. C., 1993. Council of Economic Advisors, <i>Economic Indicators</i>, prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., August 1994. L. W. Canter, <i>Environmental Impact Assessment</i>, (Rev. Edition), McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, 1996. U. S. Department of Labor, <i>Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1904.8, Reporting of Fatality of Multiple Hospitalization Accidents</i>, USDOL, Washington, D. C., 1993. U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Office of Management Data Systems: Search of All Federal and State Investigations from April, 1984 to July, 1994 for <i>Cooling Towers</i>, OSHA, Washington, D. C., 1994. World Bank, <i>Environmental Assessment Sourcebook</i>, Washington, D. C., 1991 World Bank, <i>The Environmental, Public Health, and Human Ecology: Consideration for Economic Development</i>, Washington, D. C., ca. 1982.