10.2190/QTJ6-AN64-BL85-V4JM QTJ6AN64BL85V4JM 203 A RISK/COST FRAMEWORK FOR PUBLIC POLICY EVALUATION: THE HAZARDOUS WASTE TRADE 203 217 20021120 20021120 20021120 20021120 QTJ6AN64BL85V4JM.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=QTJ6AN64BL85V4JM 3 KIMBERLY A. KILLMER Montclair State University, New Jersey The management of hazardous waste disposal operations is extremely complex involving a multitude of environmental, engineering, economic, social, and political concerns. As costs for domestic hazardous waste disposal have risen, waste generators and handlers have been encouraged to consider the disposal of wastes outside the country of origin. This article proposes a framework for policy makers to assist them in the evaluation of trade policies. A spatial general equilibrium-based policy evaluation model is developed to calculate risk, cost, and risk-equity tradeoff curves. This framework provides policy makers a tool with which they can relate resulting patterns of trade and their associated risk, cost, and equity attributes to original policy goals. R. E. Kohn, Exporting Toxic Waste, Socio-Economic Planning Science, 29:3, pp. 187-195, 1995. H. Behmanesh, D. Allen, and J. Warren, Flow Rates and Compositions of Incinerated Waste Streams in the United States, Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 42, pp. 437-442, 1992. K. Rajamani, International Trade in Hazardous Wastes: An Empirical Analysis, thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 1995. D. Morell, Siting and the Politics of Equity, Hazardous Waste, pp. 555-571, 1985. S. A. Carnes, Institutional Issues Affecting the Transport of Hazardous Materials in the United States: Anticipating Strategic Management Needs, Journal of Hazardous Materials, pp. 257-277, 1986. D. K. Asante-Duah, F. F. Saccomanno, and J. H. Shortreed, Tradeoffs Evaluation of a Hazardous Waste Trade Program Towards an Informed Decision Making, Waste Management and Research, 11, pp. 63-79, 1993. R. J. Lazarus, Pursuing "Environmental Justice": The Distributive Effects of Environmental Protection, Northwestern University Law Review, 57:3, pp. 787-857, 1993. C. Hilz, The International Toxic Waste Trade, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992. J. D. Merrifield, The Impact of Selected Abatement Strategies on Transnational Pollution the Terms of Trade and Factor Rewards: A General Equilibrium Approach, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15, pp. 259-284, 1988. A. M. Sullivan, Political Options for Toxics Disposal: Laissez-faire Subsidization and Enforcement, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 14, pp. 55-71, 1987. J. M. Warmerdam and T. L. Jacobs, Fuzzy Set Approach to Routing and Siting of Hazardous Waste Operations, Information Sciences, 2, pp. 1-14, 1994. B. R. Copeland, International Trade in Waste Products in the Presence of Illegal Disposal, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 20, pp. 143-162, 1991. H. Jin, R. Batta, and M. H. Karwan, On the Analysis of Two New Models for Transporting Hazardous Materials, Operations Research, 44:5, pp. 710-723, 1996. R. Goplan, R. Batta, and M. H. Karwan, Modeling Equity of Risk in the Transportation of Hazardous Materials, Operations Research, 38, pp. 961-973, 1990. S. R. Jara-Diaz and T. L. Friesz, Measuring the Benefits Derived from a Transportation Investment, Transportation Research, 16B, pp. 57-77, 1982. M. Abkowitz and P. D. Cheng, Developing a Risk/Cost Framework for Routing Truck Movements of Hazardous Materials, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 20:1, pp. 39-51, 1988. G. List and P. Mirchandani, An Integrated Network/Planar Multiobjective Model for Routing and Siting Hazardous Materials and Wastes, Transportation Science, 25:2, pp. 146-156, 1991. Greenpeace, The International Trade in Wastes--A Greenpeace Inventory, J. Vallette and H. Spalding (eds.), Greenpeace, Washington, D.C., 1990. D. K. Asante-Duah, F. F. Saccomanno, and J. Shortreed, The Hazardous Waste Trade--Can it be Controlled? Environmental Science and Technology, 26:9, 1992. W. Reilly, Why I Propose a National Decade on Risk, Environmental Protection Agency Journal, 17:2, pp. 2-5, 1991. D. L. Anderton, A. B. Anderson, P. H. Rossi, J. M. Oakes, M. R. Fraser, E. W. Weber, and E. J. Calabrese, Hazardous Waste Facilities: "Environmental Equity" Issues in Metropolitan Areas, Evaluation Review, 18:2, pp. 123-140, 1994. G. Anandalingam and M. Westfall, Hazardous Waste Generation and Disposal: Options for Developing Countries, Natural Resources Forum, 11:1, 1987. A. R. Chase, Assessing and Addressing Problems Posed by Environmental Racism, Rutgers Law Review, 45 (Winter), pp. 335-369, 1993. R. L. Tobin and T. L. Friesz, Formulating and Solving the Spatial Price Equilibrium Problem with Transshipment in Terms of Arc Variables, Journal of Regional Science, 23:2, pp. 187-198, 1983. J. M. Dean, Trade and the Environment: A Survey of the Literature, in International Trade and the Environment: World Bank Discussion Papers, P. Low (ed.), World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1992. W. E. Oates, Global Environmental Management: Towards an Open Economy Environmental Economics, presented at the International Congress on Environment, Ethics, and Institutions, Milan, March 21-22, 1991.