10.2190/P7VJ-KRHH-ANKR-RKPH P7VJKRHHANKRRKPH 27 ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATION OF TUNNEL FIRES BY COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 27 43 20050531 20050531 20050531 20050531 P7VJKRHHANKRRKPH.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=P7VJKRHHANKRRKPH 1 JOJO S. M. LI W. K. CHOW The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China How computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to predict the probable environment in a tunnel due to an accidental fire will be discussed in this article. Results on the fire-induced air flow and temperature distributions are useful for design purposes. Predicted results by CFD are compared with experimental data measured from full-scale burning tests. Changes of tunnel environment due to wind velocity, heat release rate of the fire, and thermal stratification effect are included. The limitations on solving the key equations numerically will also be outlined. S. Kumar, N. Hoffmann, and G. Cox, Some Validation of JASMINE for Fires in Hospital Wards, in lecture notes in engineering on Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat/Mass Transfer Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 159-169, 1986. R. N. Mawhinney, E. R. Galea, N. Hoffmann, and M. K. Patel, A Critical Comparison of a PHOENICS Based Fire Field Model with Experimental Compartment Fire Data, Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 6, pp. 137-152, 1994. A. N. Beard, Fire Models and Design, Fire Safety Journal, 28, pp. 117-138, 1997. A. J. Grandison, E. R. Galea, and M. K. Patel, Fire Modelling Standards/Benchmark Report on Phase 1 Simulations, Paper No. 01/IM/72, CMS Press, 2001. A. J. Grandison, E. R. Galea, and M. K. Patel, Fire Modelling Standards/Benchmark Report on Phase 2 Simulations, Paper No. 01/IM/81, CMS Press, 2001. V. B. Apte, A. R. Green, and J. H. Kent, Pool Fire Plume Flow in a Large-Scale Wind Tunnel, Fire Safety Science Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, pp. 425-434, 1991. PHOENICS Version 3.2, Concentration, Heat and Mass, CHAM Co., London, United Kingdom, 1999. D. F. Fletcher, J. H. Kent, V. B. Apte, and A. R. Green, Numerical Simulations of Smoke Movement from a Pool Fire in a Ventilated Tunnel, Fire Safety Journal, 23, pp. 305-325, 1994. H. Koseki and H. Hayasaka, Estimation of Thermal Balance in Heptane Pool Fire, Journal of Fire Science, 7, pp. 237-250, 1989. N. C. Markatos, M. R. Malin, and G. Cox, Mathematical Modelling of Buoyancy-Induced Smoke Flow in Enclosure, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 25, pp. 63-75, 1982. O. Megret, and O. Vauquelin, A Model to Evaluate Tunnel Fire Characteristics, Fire Safety Journal, 34, pp. 393-401, 2000. G. Cox and R. Chitty, A Study of the Deterministic Properties of Unbounded Fire Plumes, Combustion and Flame, 39, pp. 191-209, 1980. K. S. Mudan, Thermal Radiation Hazards from Hydrocarbon Pool Fires, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 10, pp. 59-80, 1980. P. K. Raj, K. S. Mudan, and A. N. Moussa, Experiments Involving Pool and Vapour Fires from Spills of LNG on Water, Report no. CG-D-55-79, NTIS AD77073, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C., 1979. J. Brandeis and D. J. Bergmann, A Numerical Study of Tunnel Fires, Combustion Science and Technology, 35, pp. 133-155, 1983. Permanent International Association of Road Congress (PIARC). Study Methods. Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, Chapter IV, 1999. R. O. Carvel, A. N. Beard, and P. W. Jowitt, The Influence of Longitudinal Ventilation Systems on Fires in Tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 16, pp. 3-21, 2001. Z. Yan and G. Holmstedt, CFD Simulation of Upward Flame Spread Over Fuel Surface, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, IAFFS Conference, pp. 345-356, 1997. P. J. Woodburn and R. E. Britter, CFD Simulations of a Tunnel Fire--Part I, Fire Safety Journal, 26, pp. 35-90, 1996. W. K. Chow, On Smoke Control for Tunnels by Longitudinal Ventilation, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 13, pp. 271-275, 1998. H. Xue, J. C. Ho, and Y. M. Cheng, Comparison of Different Combustion Models in Enclosure Fire Simulation, Fire Safety Journal, 36, pp. 37-54, 2001.