10.2190/DU4V-1U8U-JU42-P3HY DU4V1U8UJU42P3HY 255 CHANGES IN VEGETATION VIGOR AND URBAN GREENNESS IN SIX DIFFERENT CITIES OF INDIA-- ANALYSIS FROM COARSE RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING DATASETS 255 272 20060331 20060331 20060331 20060331 DU4V1U8UJU42P3HY.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=DU4V1U8UJU42P3HY 3 V. KRISHNA PRASAD K. V. S. BADARINATH National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space--Government of India Urban sprawl is gaining increasing attention in developing countries of the world. With a population of some 1,027 million people, India has more than 10 cities that have one million population. This population is bound to grow and is a major concern of urban sprawl in most of the cities. In this study, we analyze the trends in vegetation greenness patterns in six different cities of India. An attempt has also been made to relate these vegetation changes to population densities. Temporal changes in vegetation vigor from 1984 till 2000 have been analyzed using vegetation greenness index and change detection methodology using NOAA AVHRR remote sensing data. Results from this analysis suggested different patterns of vegetation changes over a period of time. Of the six cities, Hyderabad and Mumbai had similar patterns of vegetation change, where the "vegetation loss" has considerably decreased from 1984 till 2000. Calcutta showed increasing vegetation loss from 1996 to 2000. To infer the patterns of vegetation dispersion resulting from urban sprawl and land development, entropy index has been used. Results from this index suggested that the city of Bangalore had much less dispersion in vegetation compared to Hyderabad and New Delhi. Further, results for Calcutta and Hyderabad suggested that the vegetation has been changing toward concentrated pattern. Results from correlation analysis suggested that as population density increased, the entropy of vegetation greenness decreased in the cities of Calcutta, Bangalore, and Mumbai and Hyderabad compared to Chennai and Delhi. These results suggest that as the density of population increased, the vegetation greenness became more concentrated in these cities. These results on vegetation changes will be useful for urban planners and researchers in addressing some urban climate issues in the rapidly growing cities of India. M. G. Boarnet, An Empirical Model of Intermetropolitan Population and Employment Growth, Papers in Regional Science, 153, pp. 135-153, 1994. R. Ramanathan, Link between Population and Number of Vehicles. Evidence from Indian Cities, Cities, 17:4, pp. 263-269, 2000. V. Mesev, Remotely Sensed Cities, Taylor and Francis, London, p. 375, 2003. A. G. O. Yeh and X. Li, Measurement and Monitoring of Urban Sprawl in a Rapidly Growing Region Using Entropy, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1, p. 8367, 2001. B. K. Chakrabarty, Urban Management. Concepts, Principles, Techniques and Education, Cities, 18, pp. 331-345, 2001. A. Kirby and K. A. Lynch, A Ghost in the Growth Machine: The Aftermath of Rapid Population Growth in Houston, Urban Studies, 24, pp. 587-596, 1987. D. Martin and I. Bracken, The Integration of Socioeconomic and Physical Resource Data for Applied Land Management Information Systems, Applied Geography, 13, pp. 45-53, 1993. Census of India. http://www.censusindia.net/, 2001. P. A. Longley and V. Mesev, On the Measurement and Generalization of Urban Form, Environment and Planning A, 32, pp. 473-488, 2000. A. C. Nelson, Comparing States With and Without Growth Management Analysis. Based on Indicators with Policy Implications, Land Use Policy, 16, 121-127, 1999. J. E. Hasse and R. G. Lathrop, Land Resource Impact Indicators of Urban Sprawl, Applied Geography, 23, pp. 159-175, 2003. C. P. Lo, Application of LANDSAT TM Data for Quality of Life Assessment in an Urban Environment, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 21, pp. 259-276, 1997. M. S. Henry, B. Schmitt, K. Kristensen, D. L. Barkley, and S. Bao, Extending Carlino-Mills Models to Examine Urban Size and Growth Impacts on Proximate Rural Communities, Growth and Change, 30, pp. 526-543, 1999. Q. Weng and P. Lo, Spatial Analysis of Urban Growth Impacts on Vegetative Greenness with LANDSAT TM Data, Geocarto International, 16, pp. 17-25, 2001. G. Jendritzky and W. Nubler, A Model Analyzing the Urban Thermal Environment in Physiologically Significant Terms, Archives of Meteorology and Geophysical Bioklimatology, Series B, 29, pp. 313-326, 1981. J. Unger, Comparison of Urban and Rural Bioclimatological Conditions in the Case of Central-European City, International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, pp. 139-144, 1999. J. A. Voogt and T. R. Oke, Complete Urban Surface Temperatures, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 36, pp. 1117-1132, 1997. T. W. Foresman, S. T. A. Pickett, and W. C. Zipperer, Methods for Spatial and Temporal Land Use and Land Cover Assessment for Urban Ecosystems and Application in the Greater Baltimore-Chesapeake Region, Urban Ecosystems, 1, pp. 201-216, 1997. J. P. Donnay, M. J. Bamsley, and P. A. Longley, Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis, In Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis, J. P. Donnay, M. J. Bamsley, and P. A. Longley (eds.), Taylor and Francis, London and New York, pp. 3-18, 2001. R. S. Bristow and J. B. Mullens, Environmental Geography Education: Urban Heat Islands, Geography and Regional Planning, Westfield, 1995. J. C. Price, Using Spatial Context in Satellite Data to Infer Regional Scale Evapotranspiration, I.E.E.E. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 28, pp. 940-948, 1990. Y. H. Kim and J. J. Baik, Daily Maximum Urban Heat Island Intensity in Large Cities of Korea, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 79, pp. 151-164, 2004. D. M. Wagrowski and R. A. Hites, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Urban, Suburban and Rural Vegetation, Environmental Science and Technology, 31, pp. 279-282, 1997. E. Brezina and W. Schmidt, Das Kunstliche Klima in der Umgebung des Menschen, Ferdinand enke Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 196-199, 1937. C. J. Tucker, C. L. Vanpraet, J. Sharman, and G. Van Ittersum, Satellite Remote Sensing of Total Herbaceous Biomass Production in the Senegalese Sahel: 1980-1984. Remote Sensing of Environment, 17, pp. 233-249, 1985. J. G. Park and R. Tateishi, A Proposal of the Temporal Window Operation (TWO) Method to Remove High Frequency Noises in AVHRR NDVI Time Series Data, Journal of the Japan Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 38, pp. 36-47, 1999. R. E. Burgan, R. W. Klaver, and J. M. Klaver, Fuel Model and Fire Potential from Satellite and Surface Observations, International Journal of Wild Land Fire, 8, pp. 159-170, 1998. A. Singh, Change Detection in the Tropical Forest Environment of Northeastern India using LANDSAT, in Remote Sensing and Tropical Land Management, M. J. Eden and J. T. Parry (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, London, pp. 237-254, 1986. R. A. Weismiller, S. J. Kristof, D. K. Scholz, P. E. Anuta, and S. A. Momen, Change Detection in Coastal Zone Environments, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 43, pp. 1533-1539, 1977. W. J. Todd, Urban and Regional Land Use Change Detected by Using LANDSAT Data, Journal of Research by the US Geological Survey, 5, pp. 527-534, 1977. G. F. Byrne, P. F. Crapper, and K. K. Mayo, Monitoring Land Cover Change by Principal Component Analysis of Multitemporal LANDSAT Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 10, pp. 175-184, 1980. D. H. Ballard and N. A. Brown, Computer Vision, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1982. P. Gong, Change Detection Using Principal Component Analysis and Fuzzy Set Theory, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 19, pp. 22-29, 1993. T. X. Yue, W. Haber, W. D. Grossmann, and H. D. Kasperidus, A Method for Strategic Management of Land, in Environmental Indices: Systems Analysis Approaches, Y. A. Pykh, D. E. Hyatt, and R. J. M. B. Lenz (eds.), EOLSS Publishers Co. Ltd., London, pp. 181-201, 1999. R. W. Thomas, Information Statistics in Geography, W. H. Hutchins & Sons, Norwich, 1981. F. Pozzi and C. Small, Vegetation and Population Density in Urban and Suburban Areas in the U.S.A., paper presented at the Third International Symposium of Remote Sensing of Urban Areas, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2002, www.ciesn.org, 2002. V. C. Radeloff, A. Hagen, P. Voss, D. R. Field, and D. J. Mladenoff, Exploring the Spatial Relationship between Census and Land Cover Data, Society and Natural Resources, 13:6, pp. 599-609, 2000. C. Weber and J. Hirsch, Some Urban Measurements from SPOT Data: Urban Life Quality Indices, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13:17, 1992. M. Langford, Refining Methods for Dasymetric Mapping Using Satellite Remote Sensing, in Remotely Sensed Cities, V. Mesev (ed.), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 137-156, 375, 2003. J. T. Harvey, Population Estimation at the Pixel Level: Developing the Expectation Maximization Technique, in Remotely Sensed Cities, V. Mesev (ed.), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 181-206, 375, 2003.