<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE Publisher PUBLIC "-//MetaPress//DTD MetaPress 2.0//EN" "http://public.metapress.com/dtd/MPRESS/MetaPressv2.dtd">
<Publisher>
	<PublisherInfo>
		<PublisherName>Baywood Publishing Company</PublisherName>
	</PublisherInfo>
	<Journal>
		<JournalInfo JournalType="Journals">
			<JournalPrintISSN>0047-2433</JournalPrintISSN>
			<JournalElectronicISSN>1541-3802</JournalElectronicISSN>
			<JournalTitle>Journal of Environmental Systems</JournalTitle>
			<JournalCode>BWES</JournalCode>
			<JournalID>300323</JournalID>
			<JournalURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=journal&amp;id=300323</JournalURL>
		</JournalInfo>
		<Volume>
			<VolumeInfo>
				<VolumeNumber>31</VolumeNumber>
			</VolumeInfo>
			<Issue>
				<IssueInfo IssueType="Regular">
					<IssueNumberBegin>2</IssueNumberBegin>
					<IssueNumberEnd>2</IssueNumberEnd>
					<IssueSupplement>0</IssueSupplement>
					<IssuePartStart>0</IssuePartStart>
					<IssuePartEnd>0</IssuePartEnd>
					<IssueSequence>000031000220040101</IssueSequence>
					<IssuePublicationDate>
						<CoverDate Year="2004" Month="1" Day="1"/>
						<CoverDisplay>Number 2 / 2004-2005</CoverDisplay>
					</IssuePublicationDate>
					<IssueID>H6X5T12168V3</IssueID>
					<IssueURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=issue&amp;id=H6X5T12168V3</IssueURL>
				</IssueInfo>
				<Article ArticleType="Original">
					<ArticleInfo Free="No" ESM="No">
						<ArticleDOI>10.2190/ES.31.2.b</ArticleDOI>
						<ArticlePII>R777Q05N74445435</ArticlePII>
						<ArticleSequenceNumber>2</ArticleSequenceNumber>
						<ArticleTitle Language="En">Environmental NGOs and Science Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Bulgaria and the United States</ArticleTitle>
						<ArticleFirstPage>141</ArticleFirstPage>
						<ArticleLastPage>157</ArticleLastPage>
						<ArticleHistory>
							<RegistrationDate>20071207</RegistrationDate>
							<ReceivedDate>20071207</ReceivedDate>
							<Accepted>20071207</Accepted>
							<OnlineDate>20071207</OnlineDate>
						</ArticleHistory>
						<FullTextFileName>R777Q05N74445435.pdf</FullTextFileName>
						<FullTextURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&amp;id=R777Q05N74445435</FullTextURL>
						<Composite>2</Composite>
					</ArticleInfo>
					<ArticleHeader>
						<AuthorGroup>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Brent</GivenName>
								<Initials>S.</Initials>
								<FamilyName>Steel</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Rebecca</GivenName>
								<Initials/>
								<FamilyName>Warner</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Alex</GivenName>
								<Initials/>
								<FamilyName>Johnson</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Affiliation AFFID="A1">
								<OrgDivision/>
								<OrgName>Oregon State University</OrgName>
								<OrgAddress/>
							</Affiliation>
						</AuthorGroup>
						<Abstract Language="En">While the demand for science-based environmental policy in Western nations has been increasing, it is also now recognized as important in many postcommunist regimes as well, especially those that have joined or will join the European Union. All of these countries suffer the consequences of very serious environmental problems that threaten the current health and long-term livelihood of their respective populations and ecosystems. Using interview and survey data gathered from environmental NGOs in Bulgaria and the United States during 2005, this study compares how environmental NGOs define, use, and communicate science to influence the policy process.</Abstract>
						<biblist>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="1">N. Johnson, F. Swanson, M. Herring, and S. Greene (eds.), &lt;i&gt;Bioregional Assessments: Science at the Crossroads of Management and Policy&lt;/i&gt;, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1999.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="2">D. Sarewitz, R. Pielke, and R. Byerly (eds.), &lt;i&gt;Prediction: Science, Decision Making and the Future of Nature&lt;/i&gt;, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="3">D. Lach, P. List, B. S. Steel, and B. Shindler, Advocacy and Credibility of Ecological Scientists in Resource Decision-Making: A Regional Study, &lt;i&gt;Bioscience&lt;/i&gt;, 53, pp. 171-179, 2003.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="4">M. Frankel and J. Cave (ed.), &lt;i&gt;Evaluating Science and Scientists: An East-West Dialogue on Research Evaluation in Post-Communist Europe&lt;/i&gt;, Central European University, Budapest, 1997.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="5">H. Weidner and M. Janicke (eds.), &lt;i&gt;National Environmental Policies: A Comparative Study of Capacity-Building&lt;/i&gt;, Springer, Berlin, 1997.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="6">C. E. Ziegler, &lt;i&gt;Environmental Policy in the USSR&lt;/i&gt;, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1987.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="7">D. Turnock, The Soviet Union and the Successor States, in &lt;i&gt;Environmental Problems in Eastern Europe&lt;/i&gt; (2nd Edition), F. W. Carter and D. Turnock (eds.), Routledge, London, pp. 92-116, 2002.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="8">S. Baker, K. Milton, and S. Yearly (eds.), &lt;i&gt;Protecting the Periphery: Environmental Policy in Peripheral Regions of the European Union&lt;/i&gt;, Frank Cass, London, 1994.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="9">J. C. Pierce, M. A. Steger, B. S. Steel, and N. P. Lovrich, &lt;i&gt;Citizens, Political Communication, and Interest Groups: Environmental Organizations in Canada and the United States&lt;/i&gt;, Praeger, New York, 1992.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="10">S. Jasanoff, NGOs and the Environment: From Knowledge to Action, &lt;i&gt;Third World Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, 18, pp. 579-594, 1997.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="11">W. Outhwaite and L. Ray, &lt;i&gt;Social Theory and Postcommunism&lt;/i&gt;, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 2005.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="12">R. E. Levien, Global Problems: The Role of International Science and Technology Organizations, in &lt;i&gt;Science, Technology and Global Problems&lt;/i&gt;, J. Gvishiani (ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 45-50, 1979.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="13">P. E. Ehrlich and A. Ehrlich, &lt;i&gt;Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environmental Rhetoric Threatens Our Future&lt;/i&gt;, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1996.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="14">T. F. Allen, H. Tainter, J. Pires, and T. Hoekstra, Dragnet Ecology—Just the Facts, Ma'am: The Privilege of Science in a Postmodern World, &lt;i&gt;BioScience&lt;/i&gt;, 51, pp. 475-483, 2001.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="15">D. White and T. Hall, Public Understanding of Science in Pacific Northwest Salmon Recovery Policy, &lt;i&gt;Society and Natural Resources&lt;/i&gt;, 19, pp. 305-320, 2006.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="16">B. S. Steel, D. Lach, P. List, and B. Shindler, The Role of Scientists in the Natural Resource Policy Process: A Comparison of Canadian and American Publics, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Environmental Systems&lt;/i&gt;, 28, pp. 135-157, 2001.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="17">S. Functowicz and J. Ravetz, Risk Management, Post-Normal Science, and Extended Peer Communities, in &lt;i&gt;Accident and Design: Contemporary Debates in Risk Management&lt;/i&gt;, C. Hood and D. Jones (eds.), University College London Press, London, pp. 172-181, 1996.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="18">J. Ravetz, Uncertainty, Ignorance, and Policy, in &lt;i&gt;Science for Public Policy&lt;/i&gt;, H. Brooks and C. L. Cooper (eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 77-94, 1987.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="19">B. S. Steel, P. List, D. Lach, and B. Shindler, The Role of Scientists in the Environmental Policy Process: A Case Study from the American West, &lt;i&gt;Environmental Science and Policy&lt;/i&gt;, 7, pp. 1-13, 2004.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="20">Balkan Assist Association, &lt;i&gt;Civil Society Without the Citizens: An Assessment of Bulgarian Civil Society 2003-2005&lt;/i&gt;, Balkan Assist Association, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2005.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="21">USAID, &lt;i&gt;The 2004 NGO Sustainability Index for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia&lt;/i&gt; (8th Edition), United States Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., 2005.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="22">G. Darvas, The Political and Economic Context of Research Evaluation in Eastern Europe, in &lt;i&gt;Evaluating Science and Scientists: An East-West Dialogue on Research Evaluation in Post-Communist Europe&lt;/i&gt;, M. Frankel and J. Cave (eds.), Central European University, Budapest, pp. 18-27, 1997.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="23">Y. Tong, Environmental Movements in Transitional Societies: A Comparative Study of Taiwan and China, &lt;i&gt;Comparative Polities&lt;/i&gt;, 37, pp. 67-188, 2005.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="24">J. M. Berry, &lt;i&gt;The Interest Group Society&lt;/i&gt;, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, Illinois, 1989.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="25">R. Mitchell, A. Mertig, and R. Dunlap, Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization: Trends Among National Environmental Organizations, in &lt;i&gt;American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement&lt;/i&gt;, R. Dunlap and A. Mertig (eds.), Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, pp. 11-26, 1992.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="26">N. Freudenberg and C. Steinsapir, Not in Our Backyards: The Grassroots Environmental Movement, in &lt;i&gt;American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement&lt;/i&gt;, R. Dunlap and A. Mertig (eds.), Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, pp. 27-38, 1992.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="27">L. Milbrath, &lt;i&gt;Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society&lt;/i&gt;, SUNY Press, Albany, New York, 1984.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="28">H. Ingram and D. Mann, Interest Groups and Environmental Policy, in &lt;i&gt;Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence&lt;/i&gt;, J. Lester (ed.), Duke University Press, Durham, pp. 115-145, 1989.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="29">R. Dunlap and A. Mertig, The Evolution of the U.S. Environmental Movement from 1970 to 1990: An Overview, in &lt;i&gt;American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement&lt;/i&gt;, R. Dunlap and A. Mertig (eds.), Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, pp. 1-10, 1992.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="30">R. Dunlap, Americans Have Positive Image of the Environmental Movement. &lt;i&gt;Gallup News Service&lt;/i&gt;, April 18, 2000, URL: http://www.gallup.com/poll/.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="31">&lt;i&gt;Global Environmental Outlook 2000&lt;/i&gt;, United Nations Environmental Programme. Earthscan Publications, London, 2000.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="32">C. Durrant and L. Perneczky, Problems, Progress and Possibilities: A Needs Assessment of Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations in Central and Eastern Europe, &lt;i&gt;Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration&lt;/i&gt;, in D. Soden and B. S. Steel (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 425-432, 1999.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="33">J. Derleth, &lt;i&gt;The Transition in Central and Eastern European Politics&lt;/i&gt;, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="34">R. Lotspeich, Crime in the Transition Economies, &lt;i&gt;Europe-Asia Studies&lt;/i&gt;, 47, pp. 555-589, 1995</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="35">B. Jancar-Webster, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, in &lt;i&gt;Environmental Politics and Policy in the International Arena: Movements, Parties, Organizations, and Policy&lt;/i&gt;, S. Kamieniecki (ed.), SUNY Press, Albany, New York, pp. 199-222, 1993.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="36">B. Cellarius and C. Staddon, Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations, Civil Society, and Democratization in Bulgaria, &lt;i&gt;East European Politics and Societies&lt;/i&gt;, 16, pp. 208-214, 2002.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="37">B. Cellarius, &lt;i&gt;Environmental Nongovernmental Organization at the Local Level: Some Preliminary Observations from Bulgaria&lt;/i&gt;, Aspen Institute, Washington, D.C., 1998.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
						</biblist>
					</ArticleHeader>
				</Article>
			</Issue>
		</Volume>
	</Journal>
</Publisher>
