10.2190/ES.31.3.c C28717756341G58R 3 Internalizing Community in Forest Conservation: A Developing Country Perspective 239 256 20080402 20080402 20080402 20080402 C28717756341G58R.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=C28717756341G58R 3 Jugaratan Barman Rabindra N. Bhattacharya Jadavpur University, India Forest authorities have been finding it increasingly difficult to protect forests by traditional legal and punitive measures. Many ideas and concepts have emerged over the years such as Forest Protection Committees (FPC), Eco-development Projects, and Joint Forest Management, to address the problem of appropriate management. The basic philosophy behind these concepts is to involve stakeholders in the conservation and management of forests and to give them alternative sources of earnings. This article is an attempt to assess theoretically the justification of stakeholders' participation in the management of forests and empirically to estimate some of the economic and ecological losses when forest authorities fail to involve stakeholders in the process of forest conservation.

R. A. Buchholz, Principles of Environmental Management: The Greening of Business, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1993.

R. Repetto and M. Gillis, Public Policies and Misuse of Forest Resources, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1988.

N. Hanley, J. F. Shrogen, and B. White, Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice, Macmillan India Limited, New Delhi, 1997.

N. Guppy, Tropical Deforestation: A Global View, Foreign Affairs, 62:4, pp. 928-965, 1984.

M. N. Murty, Environmental Regulations and the Economics of Environmental Policies, in Environmental Economics: An Indian Perspective, R. N. Bhattacharya (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.

World Bank, Strategy for Forest Sector Development in Asia, World Bank Technical Paper 182, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993.

S. K. Kumar and D. Hotchkiss, Consequences of Deforestation for Women's Time Allocation, Agricultural Production and Nutrition in Hill Areas of Nepal, Research Report No. 69, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 1988.

R. A. Bluffstone, The Effect of Labor Market Performance on Deforestation in Developing Countries Under Open Access: An Example from Nepal, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 29, pp. 42-63, 1995.

H. Rasmus, T. C. Arndt, and N. U. Sekhar, Fuelwood Consumption and Forest Degradation: A Household Model for Domestic Energy Substitution in Rural India, Land Economics, 76:2, pp. 213-232, May 2000.

R. T. Deacon, Assessing the Relationship between Government Policy and Deforestation, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28:1, pp. 1-18, 1995.

S. K. Ehui, T. W. Hertal, and P. V. Preckel, Forest Resource Depletion, Soil Dynamics, and Agricultural Productivity in the Tropics, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18:2, pp. 136-154, 1990.

H. M. Gunatilake and U. Chakravorty, Comparative Dynamics of Forest Resource Extraction by Local Communities. Retrieved 2000, from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.feem.it/NR/rdonlyres/DDE3D3B6-534B-4193-BCAA-7FC8A235EEAF/867/4100pdf'>www.feem.it/NR/rdonlyres/DDE3D3B6-534B-4193-BCAA-7FC8A235EEAF/867/4100pdf</a>

N. Leader-Williams, S. D. Albon, and P. S. Berry, Illegal Extraction of Black Rhinos and Elephant Populations: Pattern of Decline, Law Enforcement and Patrol Effects in Luangwa Valley, Zambia, Journal of Applied Ecology, 27:3, pp. 1055-1087, 1990.

A. Skonhoft and J. T. Solstad, The Political Economy of Wildlife Exploitation, Land Economics, 74:1, pp. 16-31, 1998.

M. Faustman, On the Determination of the Value which Forest Land and Immature Stands Pose for Forestry, in Martin Faustman and the Evolution of Discounted Cash Flow, M. Gane (ed.), Oxford Institute, Oxford, 1849.

Annual Report: Buxa Tiger Reserve <a target="_blank" href='http://westbengal.com'>westbengal.com</a>

T. K. Das and I. Guha, Economics of Man-Animal Conflict: A Lesson for Wildlife Conservation, ACB Publication, Kolkata, 2003.

N. E. Stork, T. J. B. Boyle, V. Dale, H. Eeley, B. Finegan, M. Lawes, N. Manokaran, R. Prabhu, and J. Soberon, Criteria and Indicators for Assessing the Sustainability of Forest Management: Conservation of Bio-diversity, Centre for International Forestry Research, Working Paper No. 17, August 1997.

J. R. Barman, An Analysis of the Determinants of Forest Degradation in a Subsistence Agricultural Economy: A Case Study of Buxa Tiger Reserve in the District of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, mimeo, June 2003.

J. F. Quinn and S. Harrison, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Isolation on Species Richness: Evidence of Biogeographic Patterns, Oecologia, 75, pp. 132-140, 1988.

A. B. Rylands and A. Keuroghlian, Primate Populations in Continuous Forests and Forest Fragment in Amazonia, Acta Amazonica, 18, pp. 291-307, 1988.

S. L. Baker and Y. Cai, The r.le Programs for Multiscale Analysis of Landscape Structure Using the GRASS Geographic Information System, Landscape Ecology, 7, pp. 291-302, 1992.

D. A. Saunders, R. J. Hobbs, and C. R. Margules, Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review, Conservation Biology, 5, pp. 18-32, 1991.

R. O. Bierregaard, T. E. Lovejoy, V. Kapos, A. A. dos Santos, and R. W. Hutchings, The Biological Dynamics of Tropical Rain Forest Fragments, BioScience, 42, pp. 859-866, 1992.

R. F. Whitecomb, C. S. Robbins, J. F. Lynch, B. L. Whitecomb, M. K. Klimkiewicz, and D. Bystrak, Effect on Forest Fragmentation on Avifauna on the Eastern Deciduous Forest, in Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes, R. L. Burgess and D. M. Sharpe (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 125-205, 1981.

D. Skole and C. Tucker, Tropical Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite Data from 1978 to 1988, Science, 260, pp. 1905-1910, 1993.

S. S. Bell, E. D. McCoy, and H. R. Mushinsky (eds.), Habitat Structure: The Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space, Chapman and Hall, London, 1991.

M. A. Huston, Biological Diversity: The Co-Existence of Species on Changing Landscapes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994.

J-M. Thiollay, Influence of Selective Logging on Bird Species Diversity in a Guianan Ran Forest, Conservation Biology, 6, pp. 47-63, 1992.

J. Terborgh, Five New World Primates, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983.

A. D. Johns, Vertebrate Responses to Selective Logging: Implication for the Design of Logging Systems, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B335, pp. 437-442, 1992.