10.2190/ES.31.3.b KQ5U725K1840N075 2 Ballot Initiatives and Wildlife Management Policy Change in Two Western States 223 238 20080402 20080402 20080402 20080402 KQ5U725K1840N075.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=KQ5U725K1840N075 3 Christopher Burnett Ph.D. California State University, Long Beach In the wildlife policy arena ballot initiatives have been used increasingly over the past two decades to wrest control of policy from legislators and bureaucrats. This trend has led to dramatic changes in policy as professionals are forced to adapt to changing political winds. I use a model of policy change developed by Baumgartner and Jones to examine how the wildlife policy arena has changed in recent years by ballot initiatives. Case studies involving trapping in California and Colorado are examined to determine whether the wildlife establishment prevails is affected by the success of opponents in altering policy image. P. L. Dubois and F. Feeney, <i>Lawmaking by Initiative: Issues, Options and Comparisons</i>, Agathon Press, New York, 1998. J. P. Lester and J. Stewart, Jr. <i>Public Policy: An Evolutionary Approach</i>, West Publishing Company, Minneapolis/St. Paul, 1996. F. R. Baumgartner and B. Jones, <i>Agendas and Instability in American Politics</i>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993. F. R. Baumgartner and B. Jones (eds.), <i>Policy Dynamics</i>, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2002. E. E. Schattschneider, <i>The Semi-Sovereign People</i>, Holt, Rinehart, and Wilson, New York, 1960. C. J. Bosso, <i>Pesticides and Policy: The Life Cycle of a Public Issue</i>, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1987. D. McCool, Subgovernments as Determinants of Political Viability, <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, 105, pp. 269-293, 1990. F. H. Buttel, Environmentalism: Origins, Processes and Implications for Rural Social Change, <i>Rural Sociology</i>, 57:1, pp. 1-27, 1992. A. McFarland, Interest Groups and the Policy Process: Sources of Countervailing Power in America, in <i>The Politics of Interests</i>, M. Petracca (ed.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1990. C. E. Davis and B. A. Ellison, Change on the Range?: Policy Reforms and Agenda Control, <i>Society and Natural Resources</i>, 9, pp. 395-409. R. S. Kurtz, <i>Policy Change in Resource Protection Statutes for Federal Public Lands: Testing the Punctuated Equilibrium Model</i>, unpublished dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1999. J. R. Gentile, <i>The Evolution and Geographic Aspects of the Anti-Trapping Movement: A Classic Resource Conflict</i>, unpublished dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1984. C. A. Loker, D. J. Decker, and L. C. Chase, Ballot Initiatives—Antithesis of Human Dimensions Approaches or Catalyst for Change? <i>Human Dimensions of Wildlife</i>, 3:2, pp. 8-20, 1998. T. D. Beck, Citizen Ballot Initiatives: A Failure of the Wildlife Management Profession, <i>Human Dimensions of Wildlife</i>, 3:2, pp. 21-28, 1998. D. G. Whittaker and T. Torres, Introduction: Ballot Initiatives and Natural Resource Management, <i>Human Dimensions of Wildlife</i>, 3:2, pp. 1-7, 1998. S. J. Williamson, Origins, History and Current Use of Ballot Initiatives in Wildlife Management, <i>Human Dimensions of Wildlife</i>, 3:2, pp. 51-59, 1998. W. Pacelle, Forging a New Wildlife Management Paradigm: Integrating Animal Protection Values, <i>Human Dimensions of Wildlife</i>, 3:2, pp. 42-50, 1998. M. J. Manfredo, Professor of Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, personal interview, Fort Collins, Colorado, May 1, 1997. S. Cockrell, Crusader Activists and the 1996 Colorado Anti-Trapping Campaign, <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i>, 27:1, pp. 65-74, 1999. B. Gill, Colorado Division of Wildlife Research Leader, personal interview, Fort Collins, Colorado, February 13, 1998 and May 18, 2001. <i>Denver Post Index.</i> 1976-2005. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Information and Learning, 2001-2005. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilm International, A Bell & Howell Information Company, 1987-2000, previously Bell & Howell Co., Wooster, OH, 1979-1986. L. Sadler, Executive Director, Mountain Lion Foundation of California, personal interview, Sacramento, California, November 5, 2001. <i>Los Angeles Times</i> archives 1976-2005. Articles obtained over the Internet from ProQuest.