<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE Publisher PUBLIC "-//MetaPress//DTD MetaPress 2.0//EN" "http://public.metapress.com/dtd/MPRESS/MetaPressv2.dtd">
<Publisher>
	<PublisherInfo>
		<PublisherName>Baywood Publishing Company</PublisherName>
	</PublisherInfo>
	<Journal>
		<JournalInfo JournalType="Journals">
			<JournalPrintISSN>0047-2433</JournalPrintISSN>
			<JournalElectronicISSN>1541-3802</JournalElectronicISSN>
			<JournalTitle>Journal of Environmental Systems</JournalTitle>
			<JournalCode>BWES</JournalCode>
			<JournalID>300323</JournalID>
			<JournalURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=journal&amp;id=300323</JournalURL>
		</JournalInfo>
		<Volume>
			<VolumeInfo>
				<VolumeNumber>32</VolumeNumber>
			</VolumeInfo>
			<Issue>
				<IssueInfo IssueType="Regular">
					<IssueNumberBegin>1</IssueNumberBegin>
					<IssueNumberEnd>1</IssueNumberEnd>
					<IssueSupplement>0</IssueSupplement>
					<IssuePartStart>0</IssuePartStart>
					<IssuePartEnd>0</IssuePartEnd>
					<IssueSequence>000032000120050101</IssueSequence>
					<IssuePublicationDate>
						<CoverDate Year="2005" Month="1" Day="1"/>
						<CoverDisplay>Number 1 / 2005-2006</CoverDisplay>
					</IssuePublicationDate>
					<IssueID>W525866N13T5</IssueID>
					<IssueURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=issue&amp;id=W525866N13T5</IssueURL>
				</IssueInfo>
				<Article ArticleType="Original">
					<ArticleInfo Free="No" ESM="No">
						<ArticleDOI>10.2190/ES.32.1.e</ArticleDOI>
						<ArticlePII>8U0017064G1H84M7</ArticlePII>
						<ArticleSequenceNumber>5</ArticleSequenceNumber>
						<ArticleTitle Language="En">Chemical Components and Nutrients in Mangal Sediments of Cross and Qua Iboe Rivers, South-East Nigeria</ArticleTitle>
						<ArticleFirstPage>37</ArticleFirstPage>
						<ArticleLastPage>54</ArticleLastPage>
						<ArticleHistory>
							<RegistrationDate>20101129</RegistrationDate>
							<ReceivedDate>20101129</ReceivedDate>
							<Accepted>20101129</Accepted>
							<OnlineDate>20101129</OnlineDate>
						</ArticleHistory>
						<FullTextFileName>8U0017064G1H84M7.pdf</FullTextFileName>
						<FullTextURL>http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&amp;id=8U0017064G1H84M7</FullTextURL>
						<Composite>1</Composite>
					</ArticleInfo>
					<ArticleHeader>
						<AuthorGroup>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>F.</GivenName>
								<Initials>Emile</Initials>
								<FamilyName>Asuquo</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Author AffiliationID="A1">
								<GivenName>Ita</GivenName>
								<Initials/>
								<FamilyName>Ewa-Oboho</FamilyName>
								<Degrees/>
								<Roles/>
							</Author>
							<Affiliation AFFID="A1">
								<OrgDivision/>
								<OrgName>University of Calabar, Nigeria</OrgName>
								<OrgAddress/>
							</Affiliation>
						</AuthorGroup>
						<Abstract Language="En">The coastal area of south-east Nigeria is extensively fringed by mangroves species which include &lt;i&gt;Avicennia africana&lt;/i&gt; (white mangrove), &lt;i&gt;Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora racemosa, Rhizophora harrisonii&lt;/i&gt; (red mangroves), and &lt;i&gt;Languncularia racemosa&lt;/i&gt; (black mangrove). This study examined the chemical components of the mangrove sediments and the extent of impact by human activities. The mangal sediments were characteristically acidic and non-sodic especially at the eastern Cross river flank. Texture of the sediments ranged from silty-clay (SC) to sandy-clay (S-CL) with the abundance of silt/clay in the lower reaches (estuary) and sandy mud in the upper reaches. These sediment characteristics predict a high retention potential for pollutants. The average chemical components and nutrient levels were low indicating constant flux of minerals between the mangrove vegetation and the associated surficial sediments. The pollutant levels, Fe and total hydrocarbons, clearly indicate high anthropogenic impact of the Cross and Qua Iboe rivers estuarine system.</Abstract>
						<biblist>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="1">Asuquo, F. E. (1997). Tar balls monitoring—A classical tool for the assessment and evaluation of marine pollution by petroleum. &lt;i&gt;Commonwealth Proceedings on Environment, 1&lt;/i&gt;, 20-25.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="2">Asuquo, F. E., Ewa-Oboho, I., Asuquo, E. F., &amp; Udo, P. J. (2004). Fish species used as biomarker for heavy metal and hydrocarbon contamination for Cross river, Nigeria. &lt;i&gt;The Environmentalist, 24&lt;/i&gt;, 29-37.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="3">Ball, M. C. (1988). Patterns of secondary succession in a mangrove forest in Southern Florida. &lt;i&gt;Oecologia, 44&lt;/i&gt;, 226-235.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="4">Baruhnisel, R. &amp; Bertsch, P. M. (1982). &lt;i&gt;Aluminium in methods of soil analyses Part 2. Agronomy 9&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 275-300). Madison, WI: The American Society of Agronomy Inc.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="5">Black, C. A., Evans, D. D., White, J. L., Esminger, L. E., &amp; Clark, P. E. (1973). &lt;i&gt;Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 537-540). New York: The American Society of Agronomy Inc.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="6">Bray, R. H., &amp; Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. &lt;i&gt;Soil Science, 59&lt;/i&gt;, 39-45.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="7">Bouyoucos, G. H. (1951). Method of determining particle sizes by the soil hydrometer. &lt;i&gt;Agronomy Journal, 43&lt;/i&gt;, 434-438.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="8">Chemical Society of Britain. (1975). &lt;i&gt;Environmental Chemistry&lt;/i&gt;. Special Periodic Report Vol. 1, pp. 100-105.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="9">Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). (1991). &lt;i&gt;Environmental guidelines and standards from the petroleum industry in Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;. Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Lagos.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="10">Dublin-Green, C. O., Awobamise, A., &amp; Ajoa, E. A. (1997). &lt;i&gt;Coastal profile of Nigeria. Large Marine Ecosystem Project for the Gulf of Guinea&lt;/i&gt;, FEPA, Surulere Secretariat.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="11">Jackson, K. L. (1962). &lt;i&gt;Soil Chemical Analysis&lt;/i&gt;. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="12">Landon, J. R. (1992). Brooker tropical soil manual. A handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and subtropics (pp. 449-454). Cincinnati, OH: Brooker Agriculture International Ltd. Publishers.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="13">Lowenberg, U., &amp; Kunzel, T. (1991). Investigation on the trawl fishery of the Cross river estuary, Nigeria. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 7&lt;/i&gt;, 44-53.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="14">Mckee, K. L., Mendelssohn, I. A., &amp; Hester, M. K. (1988). A re-examination of pore water sulfide concentrations and redox potentials near the aerial roots of &lt;i&gt;Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinas. American Journal of Botany, 75&lt;/i&gt;, 1352-1359.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="15">Mckee, K. L. (1996a). Mangrove ecosystem: Definition, distribution, zonation, forest structure, trophic structure and ecological significance. In I. C. Feller &amp; M. Sitnik (Eds.), &lt;i&gt;Mangrove ecology: A field manual focused on the biocomplexity mangrove ecosystems&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 1-6). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="16">Mckee, K. L. (1996b). Biological adaptations to environmental extremes in mangrove flora. In I. C. Feller &amp; M. Sitnik (Eds.), &lt;i&gt;Mangrove ecology: A field manual focused on the biocomplexity on mangrove ecosystems&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 35-38). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="17">Mobil Report. (1998). &lt;i&gt;Post impact assessment of Cross river coastal waters affected by Mobil (Idaho) oil spill by Cross River State Government&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 68-70). Nigeria.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="18">Ntekim, E. E. U., Ekwere, S. J., &amp; Ukpong, E. E. (1993). Heavy metal distribution in sediments from Calabar river, South-eastern Nigeria. &lt;i&gt;Environmental Geology, 21&lt;/i&gt;, 237-241.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="19">Olagbende, O. T. Ede, G. O., &amp; Inyang, L. E. D. (1999). &lt;i&gt;Rapid operational and scientific response to the IDOHO-QIT pipeline spill, Nigeria&lt;/i&gt;. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, New York.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="20">PIA. (1998). &lt;i&gt;Post impact environmental survey of Eket and Esit Eket coastal waters occasioned by Mobil Oil spills&lt;/i&gt; (p. 57). Sam Udoakahgha and Partners for Eket and Esit Eket LGAs, Nigeria.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="21">Robertson, D. E., &amp; Carpenter, R. (1976). Activation analysis. In E. D. Golberg (Ed.), &lt;i&gt;Strategies for marine pollution monitoring&lt;/i&gt; (pp. 93-160). New York: Wiley Interscience.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="22">Tomlinson, P. B. (1996). &lt;i&gt;Botany of mangroves&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
							<bib-other>
								<bibtext seqNum="23">Walkey, A., &amp; Black, I. A. (1934). An estimation of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. &lt;i&gt;Soil Science, 7&lt;/i&gt;, 38-41.</bibtext>
							</bib-other>
						</biblist>
					</ArticleHeader>
				</Article>
			</Issue>
		</Volume>
	</Journal>
</Publisher>
