10.2190/6Y43-BM72-NUNK-3HH1 6Y43BM72NUNK3HH1 2 The Effects of Feedback on Residential Electricity Consumption: Three Replications 217 233 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 6Y43BM72NUNK3HH1.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=6Y43BM72NUNK3HH1 3 Richard A. Winett Michael S. Neale Kenneth Williams James Yokley Hugh Kauder Institute for Behavioral Research, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland This project extended the findings of prior research by demonstrating that daily feedback could reduce electricity consumption by about 10 per cent to 20 per cent in three types of residential structures, with occupants of varying income levels, during peak-load (seasonal) periods, and for lengths of time approximating a cooling or heating season in milder climates. The study's results indicated that maximum effectiveness of feedback was reached with higher use consumers during the warmest weather, suggesting that the larger residential consumer should be the target of conservation programs, with such programs optimally focused on cooling and heating. A number of important parameters of feedback procedures were discussed, and methods were outlined that may more widely promote feedback on energy use. L. S. Becker, <i>Reducing Residential Energy Consumption Through Feedback and Goal Setting</i>, Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, Report PU/CES 55, in press. S. C. Hayes and J. D. Cone, Reducing Residential Electricity Energy Use: Payments, Information, and Feedback, <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10</i>, pp. 425-435, 1977. R. J. Kohlenberg, T. Phillips and W. Proctor, A Behavioral Analysis of Peaking in Residential Electricity Energy Consumption, <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9</i>, pp. 13-18, 1976. M. H. Palmer, M. E. Lloyd and K. E. Lloyd, An Experimental Analysis of Electricity Conservation Procedures, <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10</i>, pp. 665-672, 1977. C. Seligman and J. M. Darley, Feedback as a Means of Decreasing Residential Energy Consumption, <i>Journal of Applied Psychology, 62</i>, pp. 363-368, 1977. R. A. Winett, S. Kaiser and G. Haberkorn, The Effects of Monetary Rebates and Daily Feedback on Electricity Conservation, <i>Journal of Environmental Systems, 5</i>, pp. 327-338, 1977. A. E. Kazdin, <i>Behavior Modification in Applied Settings</i>, Dorsey, Homewood, Illinois, 1975. R. A. Winett, J. H. Kagel, R. C. Battalio and R. C. Winkler, Effects of Monetary Rebates, Feedback, and Information on Residential Electricity Conservation, <i>Journal of Applied Psychology, 63</i>, pp. 73-80, 1978. R. J. Kohlenberg, R. Barach, C. Martin and S. Anschell, <i>Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Price and Feedback on Residential Electricity Consumption</i>, University of Washington, unpublished manuscript, 1977. R. A. Winett, Behavioral Approaches to Energy Conservation, <i>Behavioral Community Psychology</i>, D. Glenwick and L. Jason, (eds.), Behaviordelia, Kalamazoo, in press. R. E. Slavin and J. S. Wodarski, <i>Using Group Contingencies to Reduce Natural Gas Consumption in Master Metered Apartments</i>, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Report No. 232, 1977. R. E. Slavin, J. S. Wodarski and B. L. Blackburn, <i>A Group Contingency for Electricity Conservation in Master Metered Apartments</i>, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Report No. 242, 1978. J. Omang, Switching Off for Smiles: Daily Checks Urged as a Means of Reducing Electricity Consumption, <i>Washington Post</i>, January 16, 1978. R. A. Winett, M. S. Neale and H. C. Grier, The Effects of Self-Monitoring and Feedback on Electricity Consumption: Winter, <i>Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis</i>, in press. E. F. Schumacher, <i>Small is Beautiful</i>, Harper and Row, New York, 1973.