10.2190/AP30-YVG2-HE38-FU8Y AP30YVG2HE38FU8Y 4 Indirect and Intangible Costs and Benefits: An Expanded Evaluation Format to Aid in Sludge Management 259 273 20020509 20020509 20020509 20020509 AP30YVG2HE38FU8Y.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=AP30YVG2HE38FU8Y 3 Roger S. Figura Division of Business and Public Management, The West Virginia College of Graduate Studies <p>Cost-benefit analysis has proven a useful tool in evaluating public sector ventures. Due to the nuisance value accorded sludges-created to preserve water quality-public sector involvement is necessary.</p><p>One sludge disposal/reuse option being tried involves using treated sludges to reclaim strip mined land. The hope is to upgrade the land and make it fit for agricultural pursuits.</p><p>Past analyses have concentrated on evaluation of the direct costs and benefits resulting from this venture. This paper extends the tools of analysis to include indirect and intangible items.</p> J. Strum, unpublished data, West Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association, Charleston, West Virginia, 1976. W. D. Seitz and E. R. Swanson, Economic Aspects of Application of Municipal Wastes to Agricultural Land, <i>Recycling Municipal Sludges and Effluents on Land</i>, National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, Washington, D. C., 1973. M. Hogan, An Economic Simulation Analysis of the Use of Digested Sludge to Reclaim Strip-Mined Land, unpublished M. S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1972. F. E. Dalton and R. R. Murphy, Land Disposal IV: Reclamation and Recycle, <i>Journal WPCF, 45</i>:1, pp. 1489-1507, 1973. E. J. Mishan, <i>Cost-Benefit Analysis</i>, Praeger, New York, 1971. A. R. Prest and R. Turvey, Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Survey, <i>The Economic Journal, 75</i>:300, pp. 683-735, 1965. H. M. Peskin and E. Seskin, Introduction and Overview, <i>Cost-Benefit Analysis and Water Pollution Policy</i>, H. M. Peskin and E. Seskin, (Eds.), The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1975. R. H. Haveman and B. A. Weisbord, The Concept of Benefits in Cost-Benefit Analysis: With Emphasis on Water Pollution Control Activities, <i>Cost-Benefit Analysis and Water Pollution Policy</i>, H. M. Peskin and E. Seskin, (Eds.), The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1975. National Research Council, <i>Multimedium Management of Municipal Sludge</i>, National Academy of Science, Washington, D. C., p. 127, 1977. Council on Environmental Quality, <i>Environmental Quality: The Sixth Report of the Council on Environmental Quality</i>, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1975. R. Bish, <i>The Public Economy of Metropolitan Areas</i>, Markham Publishing Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1971. R. N. McKean, <i>Efficiency in Government Through Systems Analysis: With Emphasis on Water Resources Development</i>, John Wiley, New York, 1958. J. M. Buchanan and W. C. Stubblebine, Externality, <i>Economica, 29</i>: Nov., pp. 371-384, 1962. R. C. D'Arge, Environmental Policy Costs: Definition, Measurement, and Conjecture, <i>Cost-Benefit Analysis and Water Pollution Policy</i>, H. M. Peskin and E. Seskin, (Eds.), The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1975. F. G. Muller, Benefit Cost Analysis: A Questionable Part of Environmental Decisioning, <i>Journal of Environmental Systems, 4</i>:4, pp. 299-307, 1974. J. Bishop and C. Cicchetti, Some Institutional and Conceptual Thoughts on the Measurement of Indirect and Intangible Benefits and Costs, <i>Cost Benefit Analysis and Water Pollution Policy</i>, H. M. Peskin and E. Seskin, (Eds.), The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1975. R. B. Wenger and C. R. Rhyner, Evaluation of Alternatives for Solid Waste Systems, <i>Journal of Environmental Systems, 2</i>:2, pp. 89-108, 1972. D. Hill, Cost Benefit Analysis of Alaskan Development and Conservation, <i>Journal of Environmental Systems, 1</i>:2, pp. 161-181, 1971. M. C. McGuire and H. A. Garn, The Integration of Equity and Efficiency Criteria in Public Project Selection, <i>The Economic Journal, 79</i>:316, pp. 882-893, 1969.