10.2190/WR.14.4.c T7516M71W968W611 3 Agricultural Workers in Mexico and the United States 419 440 20110304 20110304 20110304 20110304 T7516M71W968W611.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=T7516M71W968W611 4 Florencio Posadas Segura Alex Sager Maria Sager Universidad Autónoma de, Mexico Portland State University, Oregon This article presents the results of extensive interviews with agricultural workers and leaders in Sinaloa, Mexico, and in California. It shows how individual workers understand their social conditions and reveals their strategies for agitation and resistance, as well as the alliances that they seek to form. The interviews explore agricultural workers' demands such as those for higher wages, access to social services, freedom of association (including the right to unionize), land reform, and the legalization of immigration status. The article documents how workers react to obstacles that thwart their attempts to organize and advocate for their rights. In particular, it reveals both similarities and differences between the strategies of workers in the United States and the strategies of their Mexican counterparts. This research is placed in its social and historical context and used to provide recommendations for addressing agricultural workers' grievances.

Aguirre International. 2005. The California farm labor force: Overview and trends from the National Agricultural Workers Survey. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://agcenter.ucdavis.edu/AgDoc/CalifFarmLaborForceNAWS.pdf'>http://agcenter.ucdavis.edu/AgDoc/CalifFarmLaborForceNAWS.pdf</a>

Archibold, R. C. 2010. Budget cut for fence on U.S.-Mexico border. New York Times, March 16.

Astorga Lira, E., & Commander, S. 1989. Agricultural commercialisation and the growth of a migrant labour market in Mexico. International Labour Review, 128: 769-787.

Avci, G., & McDonald, C. 2000. Chipping away at the fortress: Unions, immigration and the transnational labor market. International Migration, 38: 191-213.

Barron, A. M., & Rello, F. 2000. The impact of the tomato agroindustry on the rural poor in Mexico. Agricultural Economics, 23: 289-297.

Bartra, A., & Otero, G. 2007. Rebeldía contra el globalismo neoliberal y el TLCAN en el México rural: ¿Del Estado corporativista a la formación político-cultural del campesinado? Textual: Análisis del medio rural latinoamericano, 50: 1-34.

Basok, T. 2002. Tortillas and tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican harvesters in Canada. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Basok, T. 2008. The intersections of the economic and cultural in U.S. labor's pro-migrant politics. Social Justice, 35(4): 12-32.

Besserer, F. 1999. Moisés Cruz: Historia de un transmigrante. UAS/UAM, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Binford, L. 2004. Contract labour in Canada and the United States: A critical appreciation of Tanya Basok's Tortillas and tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican harvesters in Canada. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 29: 289-308.

Boege, E. 1977. Acerca de la organización laboural y política de los trabajadores asalariados del campo. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 39: 921-950.

Brooks, D., & Fox, J. 2002. Cross-border dialogues: U.S.-Mexico social movement networking. San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.

Calavita, K. 1992. Inside the state: The Bracero Program, immigration, and the INS. New York: Routledge.

Carton, H. 1986. Los asalariados del campo: ¿Quiénes son? (Hacia una tipología). In H. Carton (Ed.), Asalariados agrícolas y sindicalismo en el campo mexicano: 13-35. Juan Pablos/IISUNAM, México.

Cornelius, W. A. 2001. Death at the border: Efficacy and unintended consequence of U.S. immigration control policy. Population and Development Review, 27: 661-685.

Cravey, A. J. 1998. Cowboys and dinosaurs: Mexican labor unionism and the state. In A. Herod (Ed.), Organizing the landscape: Geographical perspectives on labor unionism: 75-98. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Daniels, C. E. 1981. Bitter harvest: A history of California farmworkers 1870-1941. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Davis, V. 2003. Mexifornia: A state of becoming. San Francisco: Encounter Books.

de Genova, N. 2004. The legal production of Mexican/migrant "illegality." Latino Studies, 2: 160-185.

de la Garza, E. 1993. Crisis y sujetos sociales en México. CIIH/UNAM/Miguel Ángel Porrúa, México.

Delgado Wise, R., & Cypher, J. M. 2007. The strategic role of Mexican labor under NAFTA: Critical perspectives on current economic integration. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610: 119-142.

Department of Homeland Security. 2010. Budget-in-brief, Fiscal Year 2010. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget_bib_fy2010.pdf'>http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget_bib_fy2010.pdf</a>

Díaz-Briquest, S., & Weintraub, S. 1991. Regional and sectoral development in Mexico as alternatives to migration. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Durand, V. M., & Cuellar, A. 1989. Clases y sujetos sociales: Un enfoque comparativo. IISUNAM, México.

Employment Development Department. 2008. California's agricultural employment 2008. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.calmis.ca.gov/file/agric/ca-ag-profile.pdf'>http://www.calmis.ca.gov/file/agric/ca-ag-profile.pdf</a>

Fernández-Kelly, P., & Massey, D. S. 2007. Borders for whom? The role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. migration. Annals of the American Academy of Politics and Social Science, 610: 98-118.

Fox, J. 2004. Indigenous Mexican migrant civil society in the U.S. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2004/files/FoxJonathan_xCD.pdf'>http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2004/files/FoxJonathan_xCD.pdf</a>

Gina Núñez, G., & Heyman, J. M. 2007. Entrapment processes and immigrant communities in a time of heightened border vigilance. Human Organization, 66: 354-365.

Gleeson, S. 2010. Labor rights for all? The role of undocumented immigrant status for worker claims making. Law and Social Inquiry, 35: 561-602.

Guzmán, M., Runsten, D., Strochlic, R., Garza, J., McIntyre, J., & Mason, N. 2007. Plan de Acción de la Fuerza Laboural Agrícola en California: Hacia un Sistema Alimentario más Sostenible. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.cirsinc.org/Documents/Pub0707.3.pdf'>www.cirsinc.org/Documents/Pub0707.3.pdf</a>

Hayduk, R. 2009. Radical responses to neoliberalism: Immigrant rights in the global era. Dialectical Anthropology, 33: 157-173.

Heyman, J. M. 1998. State effects on labour exploitation: The INS and undocumented immigrants at the Mexico-United States border. Critique of Anthropology, 18: 156-180.

Holzner, C. A. 2007. The poverty of democracy: Neoliberal reforms and political participation of the poor in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(2): 87-122.

INEGI. 2001. XII Censo General de población y Vivienda 2000. Sinaloa T.II, Aguascalientes. Ags.

Kearney, M. 1999. Prefacio. In Besserer, F. (Ed.), Moisés Cruz: Historia de un transmigrante: 11-15. UAS/UAM, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Kiy, R., & Woodruff, C. 2005. The ties that bind us: Mexican migrants in San Diego County. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.

Köppen, E. 1985. Bibliografía de movimientos sociales en México. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 4: 261-298.

Köppen, E. 1989. Movimientos sociales en México (1968-1987). CIIH/UNAM, México.

Krissman, F. 1996. Californian agribusiness and Mexican farm workers, 1942-1992. PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara.

Lara, S. 1998a. La feminización del asalariado rural y sus nuevas formas de empleo. In Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur y el Instituto Nacional Indigenista (UABS/INI), Memoria del Foro sobre Jornaleros Agrícolas Migrantes: 151-156. La Paz, BCS, México.

Lara, S. 1998b. Nuevas experiencias productivas y nuevas formas de organización flexible del trabajo en la agricultura mexicana. Procuraduría Agraria/Juan Pablos, México.

Lara, S., & Carton, H. 1999. Reestructuración productiva y mercado de trabajo rural en las empresas hortícolas. In H. Carton (Ed.), Empresas, reestructuración productiva y empleo en la agricultura mexicana: 23-69. IISUNAM/PyV, México.

Mares, D. 1991. La irrupción del mercado internacional en México. Consideraciones teóricas y un estudio de caso. COLMEX, México.

Martin, P. 1989. The California farm labor market. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.cirsinc.org/Documents/Pub0289.4.PDF'>www.cirsinc.org/Documents/Pub0289.4.PDF</a>

Martìnez Saldaña, J. 2004. Building the future: The FIOB and civic participation of Mexican immigrants in Fresno, California. In J. Fox & G. Rivera-Salgado (Eds.), Indigenous Mexican migrants in the United States: 125-144. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.

Marx, K. 1992. Capital: Volume 1: A Critique of Political Economy. New York: Penguin Classics.

Massey, D., Durand, J., & Malone, N. J. 2002. Beyond smoke and mirrors: Mexican migration in an era of economic integration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.

McWilliams, C. 2000. Factories in the field: The story of migratory farm labor in California. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Miles, R. 1987. Capitalism and unfree labour: Anomaly or necessity? London: Tavistock Publications.

Mines, R. 1998. Migración familiar y cambio tecnológico en la agricultura norteamericana. Paper presented at Encuentro Internacional México-Estados Unidos, UAS, Culiacán, Sinaloa.

Otero, G. 1996. Neoliberalism revisited: Economic restructuring and Mexico's political future. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Otero, G. 1999a. Farewell to the peasantry? Political class formation in rural Mexico. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Otero, G. 1999b. Neoliberal reform in rural Mexico: Social structure and political dimensions. Latin American Research Review, 35: 187-207.

Otero, G. 2004. Mexico in transition: Neoliberal globalism, the state, and civil society. New York: Zed Books.

Palerm, J. V. 1991. Farm work needs and farm workers in California, 1970 to 1989. Sacramento, CA: Employment Development Department.

Palerm, J. V. 2006. Immigrant and migrant farm workers in the Santa Marca valley, California. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x89x8cc'>http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x89x8cc</a>

Paré, L. 1981. El proletariado agrícola en México.¿Campesinos sin tierra o proletarios agrícolas? Siglo XXI, México.

Posadas Segura, F. 1983. Ideología política del proletariado agrícola en Sinaloa. Ciencia y Universidad, no. 3, IIES/UAS, Culiacán, Sinaloa.

Posadas Segura, F. 1985. El proletariado agrícola en el estado de Sinaloa. UAS, Culiacán, Sinaloa.

Posadas Segura, F. 2002. Movimiento sociales de los trabajadores agrícolas asalariados en el noroeste de México, 1970-1995. PhD diss., UAM/X, México.

Posadas Segura, F. 2005. Movimiento sociales de los trabajadores agrícolas asalariados en el Noroeste de México, 1970-1995. UAS, Culiacán, Sinaloa.

Posadas Segura, F., & García, B. 1985. El movimiento de los obreros agrícolas en Sinaloa (1977-1983). In R. Burgos (Ed.), Movimientos sociales en el Noroeste de México: 17-43. UAS/UNU/IISUNAM, Culiacán, Sinaloa.

Rivera-Salgado, G., & Escala Rabadán, L. 2004. Collective identity and organizational strategies among indigenous and mestizo Mexican migrants. In J. Fox & G. Rivera-Salgado (Eds.), Indigenous Mexican migrants in the United States: 145-178. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies.

Samstad, J. G. 2002. Corporatism and democratic transition: State and labor during the Salinas and Zedillo administrations. Latin American Politics and Society, 44(4): 1-28.

SIAP [Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera]. 2010. Producción agricola. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.siap.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=351'>http://www.siap.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=351</a>

Smith-Nonini, S. 2002. Nadie sabe, nadie supo: El Programa Federal H2A y la explotación de mano de obra mediada por el estado. Relaciones, 90: 55-86.

Spener, D. 2004. Mexican migrant smuggling: A cross-border cottage industry. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 5: 295-320.

Suárez-Orozco, M. M. 1998. Crossings: Mexican immigration in interdisciplinary perspectives. Cambridge, MA: David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies.

Tichenor, D. J. 2002. Dividing lines: The politics of immigration control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Vanackere, M. 1988. Conditions of agricultural day-labourers in Mexico. International Labour Review, 127: 91-110.

Vélez-Ibáñez, C. G. 1996. Border visions: The cultures of Mexicans of the Southwest United States. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Vélez-Ibáñez, C. G. 1999. La Migración y Transición Demográfica de los Mexicanos del Sudoeste de los Estados Unidos. Investigación y Ciencia, no. 278.

Villarejo, D., Lighthall, D., Williams, D., Souter, A., Mines, R., Bade, B., Samuels, S., & McCurdy, S. A. 2000. Suffering in silence: A report on the health of California's agricultural workers. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.calendow.org/uploadedFiles/suffering_in_silence.pdf'>www.calendow.org/uploadedFiles/suffering_in_silence.pdf</a>

Wilson, D. T. 2000. Anti-immigrant sentiment and the problem of reproduction/maintenance in Mexican immigration to the United States. Critique of Anthropology, 20: 191-213.

Winders, J. 2007. Bringing back the (b)order: Post-9/11 politics of immigration, borders, and belonging in the contemporary U.S. south. Antipode, 39: 920-942.

Wright, A. 1997. The death of Ramón Gonzalez: The modern agricultural dilemma. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Wright, A. 2005. The death of Ramón Gonzalez: The modern agricultural dilemma (rev. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.

Yamamoto, R. 2007. Crossing boundaries: Legality and the power of the state in unauthorized migration. Sociology Compass, 1: 95-110.

Zemelman, H., & Valencia, G. 1990. Los sujetos sociales, una propuesta de análisis. Acta Sociológica, no. 2: 89-104. FCPS/UNAM, México.