10.2190/WR.16.3-4.l QU056N630H223X51 12 Sweeping the Streets of the Neoliberal City: Racial and Class Divisions among New York City's Sanitation Workers 453 474 20130308 20130308 20130308 20130308 QU056N630H223X51.pdf http://baywood.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=QU056N630H223X51 3 Natalie Benelli Université de Lausanne Starting with the fiscal crisis of the mid-1970s, cutbacks in New York City's sanitation department have led to the shortening of routes plied by mechanical brooms, cutbacks in public waste basket collection, and the removal of manual sweeping crews. However, today the city's streets are cleaner than ever, as business improvement districts and private work training programs for the homeless increasingly invest in street sweeping. This article explores the way in which the shift from public to private street sanitation creates racial and class divisions with respect to the working conditions of street sweepers in New York City and to public discourse on them. It shows that the partial displacement of unionized municipal sanitation workers by cheap private sector sweepers goes hand in hand with a binary discourse that constructs municipal workers as white working-class heroes while racialized sweepers in work training programs are exploited on the grounds that they are in debt to society.

Adler, M. 2000a. The business improvement districts of New York. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.columbia.edu/~ma820/bids.first.full.version.html'>http://www.columbia.edu/~ma820/bids.first.full.version.html</a>

Adler, M. 2000b. Why BID's are bad business. New York Times, February 13.

Aguirre, Jr., A., Eick, V., & Reese, E. 2006. Introduction: Neoliberal globalization, urban privatization, and resistance. Social Justice, 33(3): 1-5.

Arnold, K. R. 2008. America's new working class: Race, gender, and ethnicity in a biopolitical age. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Bannister, J., Fyfe, N., & Kearns, A. 2006. Respectable or respectful? (In)civility and the city. Urban Studies, 43: 919-937.

Benelli, N. 2012. Balayer les rues de New York: Le travail comme dispositif disciplinaire pour les personnes sans domicile fixe. In P. Desmarez, M. Alaluf, & M. Stroobants (Eds.), Mesures et démesures du travail: 21-30. Brussels: Editions de l'Universit de Bruxelles.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2012. Census of fatal occupational injuries. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0009.pdf'>http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0009.pdf</a>

Cruikshank, B. 1999. The will to empower: Democratic citizens and other subjects. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Delgado, G., & Gordon, R. 2002. From social contract to social control: Welfare policy and race. In G. Delgado (Ed.), From poverty to punishment: How welfare reform punishes the poor: 25-52. Oakland, CA: Applied Research Center.

Department of Sanitation. 2010. Making New York cleaner and greener: New York City Department of Sanitation Annual Report. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/pubinfo/annual/ar2010.pdf'>http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/downloads/pdf/pubinfo/annual/ar2010.pdf</a>

Department of Sanitation. 2011. Scorecard Street Cleanliness Ratings 1975-2011. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.nyc.gov/html/ops/downloads/pdf/dsny_scorecard_2011.pdf'>http://www.nyc.gov/html/ops/downloads/pdf/dsny_scorecard_2011.pdf</a>

Diller, M. 1998. Working without a job: The social messages of the new workfare. Stanford Law and Policy Review, (19): 23-48.

Ellis, N. S. 2003. Work is its own reward: Are workfare participants employees entitled to protection under the Fair Labor Standards Act? Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, 13: 1-27.

Fairbanks, R. P., II. 2011. "Bodies is what makes it work": Statecraft and urban informality in the Philadelphia recovery house movement. Ethnography, 12: 12-39.

Fairbanks, R. P., II, & Lloyd, R. 2011. Critical ethnography and the neoliberal city: The US example. Ethnography, 12: 3-11.

Firestone, D. 1996. New York girding for surge in workfare jobs. New York Times, August 13.

Goldberg, C. A. 2001. Welfare recipients or workers? Contesting the workfare state in New York City. Sociological Theory, 19: 187-218.

Jacobs, A. 1996. Street fight: Unions versus B. I. D.'s. New York Times, March 24.

Kaus, M. 2001. TANF and "welfare": Further steps toward the work-ethic state. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2001/06/summer-welfare-kaus'>http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2001/06/summer-welfare-kaus</a>

Krinsky, J. 2007. Free labor: Workfare and the contested language of neoliberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Krinsky, J. 2011. Neoliberal times: Intersecting temporalities and the neoliberalization of New York City's public-sector labor relations. Social Science History, 35: 381-422.

Krinsky, J., & Simonet, M. 2009. Qui nettoie le parc? Status de travailleurs et regimes de mobilisation dans l'entretien des jardins municipaux à New York. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://gree.univ-nancy2.fr/digitalAssets/50978_Simonet-Krinsky-texte_JIST.pdf'>http://gree.univ-nancy2.fr/digitalAssets/50978_Simonet-Krinsky-texte_JIST.pdf</a>

Krinsky, J., & Simonet, M. 2012. La servitude et le volontaire: Les usages politiques du travail invisible dans les parcs de la ville de New York. Sociétés contemporaines, 3(87): 49-74.

Lambert, B. 1995. After rapid growth, B. I. D.'s enter a time of turmoil. New York Times, December 31.

Lasdon, D. 1998. B. I. D. inequality. New York Times, August 5.

Levy, C. J. 1991. Sanitation cutbacks hit poorer districts hardest. New York Times, March 31.

MacDonald, H. 2000. BIDs really work. In M. Magnet (Ed.), The millennial city: A new urban paradigm for 21st century America: 388-403. Chicago: Ivan R Dee.

MacLeod, G., & Johnstone, C. 2012. Stretching urban renaissance: Privatizing space, civilizing place, summoning "community." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36: 1-28.

Mallett, W. J. 1994. Managing the post-industrial city: Business improvement districts in the United States. Area, 26: 276-287.

McArdle, A. 2001. No justice, no peace. In A. McArdle & T. Erzen (Eds.), Zero tolerance: Quality of life and the new police brutality in New York City: 147-176. New York: New York University Press.

Mitchell, D., & Staeheli, L. A. 2006. Clean and safe? Property redevelopment, public space, and homelessness in downtown San Diego. In S. Low & N. Smith (Eds.), The politics of public space: 143-175. New York: Routledge.

National Low Income Housing Coalition. 2010. Out of reach 2010. Renters in the great recession, the crisis continues. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/oor/2010-OOR.pdf'>http://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/oor/2010-OOR.pdf</a>

New York City Small Business Services. 2009. Business improvement districts fiscal year 2009 annual report summary. Retrieved from <a target="_blank" href='http://www.nyc.gov/html/sbs/html/neighborhood/pdfs/BID_AnnualReport.pdf'>http://www.nyc.gov/html/sbs/html/neighborhood/pdfs/BID_AnnualReport.pdf</a>

Peck, J., & Tickell, A. 2002. Neoliberalizing space. Antipode, 34: 380-404.

Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. 1993. Regulating the poor: The functions of public welfare (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books.

Rice, K. 2009. Dignity and respect: The history of local 831. New York: Uniformed Sanitationmen's Association.

Ridzi, F. 2007. Contingent government workers and labor solidarity: The case of contract welfare-to-work staff and their clients. Qualitative Sociology, 30: 383-402.

Schram, S. F., Fording, R. C., & Soss, J. 2011. Neoliberal paternalism: Race and the new poverty governance. In M.-K. Jung, J. H. Costa Vargas, & Ed. Bonilla-Silva (Eds.), State of white supremacy: Racism, governance, and the United States: 130-157. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Shepard, R. F. 1993. Another New York City tradition: Dirty streets. New York Times, April 18.

Smith, N. 1998. Giuliani time: The revanchist 1990s. Social Text, 57: 1-20.

Smith, N. 2001. Global social cleansing: Postliberal revanchism and the export of zero tolerance. Social Justice, 28(3): 68-75.

Steinberg, S. 2001. The ethnic myth: Race, ethnicity, and class in America. Boston: Beacon Press.

Stout, D. 1995. For a troubled partnership: A history of problems. New York Times, November 8.

Wacquant, L. 2010a. Class, race and hyperincarceration in revanchist America. Daedalus, 139(3): 74-91.

Wacquant, L. 2010b. Crafting the neoliberal state: Workfare, prisonfare, and social insecurity. Sociological Forum, 25: 197-220.

Ward, K. 2006. "Policies in motion," urban management and state restructuring: The trans-local expansion of business improvement districts. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30: 54-75.

"When City Hall fails, do it yourself." 1991. New York Times, January 13.

Wilson, J., & Kelling, G. 1982. "Broken windows": The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, March, 29-38.