TABLE 1. Core Components of CISM
Intervention
|
Timing
|
Activation
|
Goal
|
Format
|
|
| 1. Strategic planning |
Precrisis phase |
Crisis anticipation |
Set expectations, improve coping, stress management |
Groups, teams, organizations |
| 2. Demobilizations and staff consultations |
Shift disengagement |
Event driven |
Inform, consult, and allow psychological decompression; stress management |
Large groups/organizations |
| 3. Assessment of need |
Anytime postcrisis |
|
|
|
| 4. Defusing |
Postcrisis (within 12 hr) |
Symptom driven |
Symptom mitigation triage, possible closure |
Small groups |
| 5. CISD |
Postcrisis (1–10 days, 3–4 weeks mass disasters) |
Symptom or event driven |
Facilitate psychological closure, triage, symptom mitigation |
Small groups |
| 6. Individual crisis intervention 1:1 |
Anytime anywhere |
Symptom driven |
Symptom mitigation, return to functioning, referral if needed |
Individual |
| 7. Family CISM |
Anytime |
Symptom or event driven |
Foster support and communications, symptom mitigation, closure if possible, referral if needed |
Families/organizations |
| 8. Community and organizational consultation |
|
|
|
|
| 9. Pastoral crisis intervention |
Anytime |
Symptom driven |
Mitigate "crisis of faith," assist in recovery |
Individuals, families, group |
10. Follow-up referral
|
Anytime
|
Symptom driven
|
Assess mental status, assess needed care
|
Individual/families
|
|
Note. CISM = Critical Incident Stress Management; CISD = Critical Incident Stress Debriefing. Adapted from Everly & Mitchell, 1999 (p. 21); Everly and Langlieb, 2003.
