| Authors |
Participants |
Method |
Measurements |
Outcome/Conclusion |
|
| Peck (2003) |
35 Police department and 6 sheriff's department |
Participant survey |
Author-created survey: assessing police interaction with mentally ill |
CIT-like programs are effective |
| Hails and Borum (2003) |
84 Medium and large law enforcement agencies |
Survey |
None |
Varied responses regarding training and use of specialized response |
| Finn and Stalans (2002) |
257 Police officers from North Georgia in-service training |
Survey––responses to scripts: analyzed using ANOVA |
None |
Officers are significant more likely to use civil commitment (p < .05) based on perceptions |
| Teplin (2000) and Teplin and Pruett (1992) |
283 Police officers and 85 mentally disturbed persons |
Observational, in-field study |
Symptom checklist and "incident coding form" |
Mentally ill suspects were arrested more often (46.7%) than nonmentally ill suspects (27.9%) |
| Engel and Silver (2001) |
322 Police officers and 1,849 nontraffic suspects |
Systematic observational in-field study |
Incident coding form |
Police are not more likely to arrest mentally ill civilians, 7.6% vs. nonmentally disordered civilians, 18.2% |
| Catalano et al., 2005 |
State of Florida's archived data on involuntary psychiatric hospitalizations initiated by law enforcement in specified time periods between 1999 and 2001. |
Interrupted time-series design |
None |
Law enforcement initiated increased involuntary psychiatric hospitalizations in the weeks following the attacks of September 11, 2001. Concluding that perceived community risk may increase an officer's judgment that a person with mental illness is dangerous. |
| Brakel and South (1968) |
Two police counties |
Observational, in-field study |
Records review of |
Police are able to discern mental status but lack community collaboration and referral support. |
| 1. Hospital records |
| 2. Police records |
| Sheridan and Teplin (1981) |
838 Police referred |
Pre/postuncontrolled |
Records review of |
Reduced recidivism and days as inpatients at CMHC as opposed to state hospital. (CMHC mean days as inpatient = 33.2 vs. state hospital mean days as inpatient = 137.5.) |
| 1. Demographics |
| 2. Pathology of patient |
| 3. Type: police contact |
| 4. Treatment and recidivism |
| Green (1997) |
One Law Enforcement Officer (LEO) agency with one consulting agency and one in-house program |
Case study evaluation using both qualitative and quantitative analysis |
Quantitative: author-created incident forms |
The more senior of an officer, the less likely they will arrest or refer (–.26, p > .05). Police need more options. |
| Qualitative: interviews |
| Borum et al. (1998) |
Three LEO agencies with three different specialized programs; total n = 452 |
Case study evaluation with cross analysis within and between each case. |
Patrol officer survey |
Memphis CIT model was effective in maintaining safety (94.4%) and meeting needs of mentally ill (88.8). |
| 1. 4-point Likert scale |
| 2. Open-ended questions |
| Strauss et al. (2005) |
485 Patients from Louisville University Hospital brought in by Louisville CIT over period of 1 month |
Chi-squared used to analyze results from this time-series study |
Records review interview |
Data support effectiveness of CIT in identifying psychiatric emergencies |
| Deane et. al (1999) |
174 Police departments from 194 U.S. cities with a Population of 100,000 or more |
Survey analysis comparison |
Department survey |
55% departments had no specialized and 3% had a Memphis CIT-like model. |
| 1. 5-point Likert scale response. |
| 2. Open-ended questions |
| Steadman et al. (2000) |
Same participant sample from Borum et al. (1998) regarding response to |
Retrospective: to cross analyze each program regarding response to mental health emergencies |
Records review |
Memphis CIT responded to 95% of mental disturbance calls (p < .001) and arrested only 6% (p < .001). |
| Watson and Angell (2007) |
None |
Analytical review |
None |
Support use of procedural justice in training officers to respond |
| Dupont and Cochran (2000) |
Outcome data on Memphis CIT |
Literature review |
None |
Supports Memphis CIT model |
