Intervention Timing Activation Goal Format 1. Strategic planning Precrisis phase Crisis anticipation Set expectations, improve coping, stress management Groups, teams, organizations 2. Demobilizations and staff consultations Shift disengagement Event driven Inform, consult, and allow psychological decompression; stress management Large groups/organizations 3. Assessment of need Anytime postcrisis 4. Defusing Postcrisis (within 12 hr) Symptom driven Symptom mitigation triage, possible closure Small groups 5. CISD Postcrisis (1–10 days, 3–4 weeks mass disasters) Symptom or event driven Facilitate psychological closure, triage, symptom mitigation Small groups 6. Individual crisis intervention 1:1 Anytime anywhere Symptom driven Symptom mitigation, return to functioning, referral if needed Individual 7. Family CISM Anytime Symptom or event driven Foster support and communications, symptom mitigation, closure if possible, referral if needed Families/organizations 8. Community and organizational consultation 9. Pastoral crisis intervention Anytime Symptom driven Mitigate "crisis of faith," assist in recovery Individuals, families, group 10. Follow-up referral Anytime Symptom driven Assess mental status, assess needed care Individual/families

Note. CISM = Critical Incident Stress Management; CISD = Critical Incident Stress Debriefing. Adapted from Everly & Mitchell, 1999 (p. 21); Everly and Langlieb, 2003.