Clinical Medicine Reviews in Oncology

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma is uncommon (only 3% of cancers worldwide) but of poor prognosis. Renal cell carcinoma has traditionally been treated with cytokines (interferon-α or interleukin-2). More recently, a more clear understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease, involving the VEGF receptor and mTOR, has led to the discovery of novel therapies. Therapeutic options in patients with advanced RCC include the VEGF receptor inhibitors Sunitinib and Sorafenib, the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody Bevacizumab and the mTORC1 inhibitors Temsirolimus and Everolimus. In 2009, Everolimus was FDA-approved for the treatment of patients with advanced clear cell RCC which had progressed within 6 months of stopping treatment with Sunitinib or sorafenib, or both drugs. Everolimus resulted in a 70% reduction in the risk of disease recurrence or death. The purpose of this review is to update on the current knowledge of the role of Everolimus in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.