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Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with Phytochemicals
Table 2.
Evaluation of Phytochemicals in Clinical Trials
| Phytochemical | Phase | Cancer Target | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “In progress” denotes the clinical trial is: recruiting, not yet recruiting, active but not recruiting, or completed with no published results. CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; PSA, prostate specific antigen; HG-PIN, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; AZA, 5-aza-cytidine; IFN, interferon. *Indicates reference found at www.clinicaltrials.gov with corresponding identifier code (NCT). | ||||
| I/II | Prostate | Reduced conversion rate from HG-PIN to prostate cancer | (34) | |
| II | Prostate | Limited clinical benefit | (96) | |
| II | Prostate | Doubling time to disease progression | (97) | |
| Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (or green tea extracts) | II | Bladder | In progress | *NCT00666562 |
| I | Breast | In progress | *NCT00516243 | |
| II | Cervical | In progress | *NCT00303823 | |
| I | Esophageal | In progress | *NCT00233935 | |
| I/II | Leukemia | In progress | *NCT00262743 | |
| II | Prostate | Improvement in overall patient survival | (37) | |
| I | Prostate | In progress | *NCT00524680 | |
| Vitamin D | II | Breast | In progress | *NCT00656019 |
| II | Myelodysplastic syndromes or CML | In progress | *NCT00052832 | |
| II | Thyroid | In progress | *NCT00719615 | |
| II | Prostate | Decrease in PSA concentrations | (98) | |
| Genistein | II | Breast | In progress | *NCT00290758 |
| II | Bladder | In progress | *NCT00118040 | |
| I | Endometrial | In progress | *NCT00099008 | |
| Genistein (other isoflavones) | II | Prostate | Decrease in PSA concentrations | (99) |
| Genistein/aldesleukin | II | Kidney and melanoma | In progress | * NCT00276835 |
| Silymarin | II | Leukemia | In progress | *NCT00055718 |
| Resveratrol | II | Colon | In progress | *NCT00256334 |
| Selenium | II | Prostate | In progress | *NCT00217516 |
| III | Lung | In progress | *NCT00008385 | |
| Selenium/celecoxib | II | Breast | In progress | *NCT00188604 |
| II | Esophageal | In progress | *NCT00005885 | |
| Selenium/vitamin E | III | Bladder | In progress | *NCT00553345 |
| Selenium/vitamin E | III | Colon | In progress | *NCT00706121 |
| Curcumin | II | Colon | In progress | *NCT00365209 |
| II | Pancreatic | Completed | *NCT00094445 | |
| Curcumin/bioperine | I | Osteosarcoma | In progress | *NCT00689195 |
| I | Multiple myeloma | In progress | *NCT00113841 | |
| I/II | Prostate | In progress | *NCT00286806 | |
| Gossypol | II | Lymphoma and leukemia | In progress | *NCT00275431 |
| I/II | Breast | Negligible anti-tumor activity | (100) | |
| Gossypol/rituximab | II | CLL | In progress | *NCT00286780 |
| II | Follicular lymphoma | In progress | *NCT00440388 | |
| Gossypol/cisplatin/etoposide | I | Lung | In progress | *NCT00544596 |
| Retinoic acid (tretinoin) | I/II | Thyroid | Some effect on dedifferentiation status | (101) |
| II | Cervical | In progress | * NCT00003598 | |
| Retinoic acid/tamoxifen | III | Squamous cell carcinoma | In progress | * NCT00201279 |
| I | Breast | In progress | *NCT00001504 | |
| Retinoic acid/ tamoxifen | II | Breast | No significant anti-tumor activity | (102) |
| Retinoic acid/IFN | I/II | Renal cell carcinoma | Anti-tumor activity | (103) |
| Retinoic acid/5-AZA, valproic acid | I/II | AML and myelodysplastic syndrome | Safe and with clinical activity | (104) |
| Retinoic acid/IFN | III | Skin squamous cell carcinoma | No efficacy | (105) |
| Retinoic acid /gemcitabine | II | Pancreas | No efficacy | (106) |
| Retinoic acid/p53 vaccine | II | Lung | In progress | *NCT00618891 |
| Retinoic acid/ aldesleukin | II | Kidney | In progress | *NCT00100906 |
