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Table of Contents
May-August 2014
Volume 2 | Issue 2
Page Nos. 55-112
Online since Tuesday, April 22, 2014
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Determinants factors of Yemeni dental arch forms
p. 55
Nabil Muhsen Al-Zubair
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131114
Introduction:
This study was conducted to assess the determinants factors of the dental arch forms of Yemeni adult sample.
Materials and Methods:
The Eucledian clustering method of analysis was utilized for determination of the dental arch form, (398) study models were constructed and evaluated to do measurements for both arches using the modified sliding caliper gauge. A total of 6 dental cast measurements were divided into three sagittal measurements and three transverse measurements were utilized, which represent the dental arch widths and lengths measurements.
Results:
Narrow form is the most prevalent arch form 30.8% followed by wide form 24% their prominence appearance in females and the least prevalent arch form was the mid form 9.3%, whereas flat and pointed forms being in between 18.3% and 17.6 respectively.
Conclusion:
Five arch forms: Narrow, wide, mid, pointed and flat were distinguished as unique forms for the maxillary and the mandibular arches. It can be observed that the measurements related to the canine, have the widest range of reading and give the impression that the relation of canines to each other and to other teeth is the strongest factor in determining the dental arch form.
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Soft-tissue characteristics of Class-II Division-1 malocclusion in North Indian adult population: A cephalometric study
p. 60
Rana Pratap Maurya, Vijay Prakash Sharma, Pradeep Tandon, Amit Nagar, Sneh Lata Verma
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131115
Background:
Facial harmony in orthodontics is determined by the morphologic relationships and proportions of the nose, lips and chin. For the correction of all malocclusions, the facial outlines should be regarded as an important guide in developing a proper treatment plan.
Aims and Objectives:
(1) The primary aim is to evaluate and compare the soft tissue pattern associated with Angle's Class I normal occlusion and Angle's Class-II Division-1 malocclusion in North Indian adult population. (2) The secondary is to access sexual dimorphism for the soft-tissue characteristics.
Materials and Methods:
Lateral cephalograms of 80 orthodontically untreated adult subjects, 40 were having normal occlusion with good facial profile (Group-A: 20 males-mean age 22.89 years and 20 females-mean age 21.27 years) and 40 subjects with Angle's Class-II Division-1 malocclusion (Group-B: 20 males-mean age 20.25 years and 20 females-mean age 19.67 years) were analyzed.
Methodology:
Lateral cephalograms of the subjects were taken in natural head position and were traced manually. 16 linear and 6 angular soft-tissue parameters were measured which were derived from the Steiner, Ricketts, Burstone and Holdaway soft-tissue analyses. All the values were compared using Student's
t
-test with a level of significance at
P
< 0.05.
Results:
Group-B males had decreased lower lip length, lower face height, nasomental angle (
P
< 0.001) and lip length ratio (
P
< 0.01) whereas increased interlabial gap, upper lip to Sn-Pg', total facial contour angle, maxillomandibular contour angle (
P
< 0.001), lower lip to Sn-Pg' angle (
P
< 0.01) when compared to Group-A males. There was an apparent sexual dimorphism was found in soft-tissue pattern of both the groups.
Conclusions:
Class-II Division-1 malocclusion have more convex soft-tissue profile, reduced nose length, Shorter procumbent lips and flatter chins when compared to Angle's Class I malocclusion.
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Perception of occlusion and reasons for not seeking orthodontic treatment among Yemeni children
p. 68
Nabil Muhsen Al-Zubair
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131116
Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate perception of the children to their own occlusion and reason for not seeking orthodontic treatment in a sample of 12-year-old Yemeni school children.
Materials and
Methods:
The study sample was comprised of 3003 children, attending schools in six governorates (cities and environs) in Yemen. For each subject, the standard demographic information such as gender and residency was collected, after which a questionnaire was used to determine the perception of occlusion and to assess the history of orthodontic treatment.
Results:
Of the whole, only 2.2% of the sample had some type of orthodontic treatment or consultation. Nearly 63.4% answered that they have aligned teeth, 29.7% have malaligned teeth, whereas 6.9% of them did not know whether they have aligned or malaligned teeth. Of the children who stated that they have malaligned teeth, 31.6% reported that they had crowded teeth, 15.5% had spaced teeth, 28.5% had protruded teeth and 24.3% had rotated and displaced teeth. Regarding the answers of the effect of malaligned teeth, 60.9% thought that it affects their appearance, 6.5% chewing, and 7.6% speech. The most common reasons for not seeking orthodontic treatment were ignorance about treatment, the thought that treatment is not important or not possible (61.1%) and having fear of pain or tooth extraction (23%).
Conclusion:
According to the findings of this study, almost 2% of the evaluated Yemeni school children had some type of orthodontic treatment or consultation, suggesting low perception level of the Yemeni children to their own occlusion.
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X-ray diffraction of orthodontic archwires for evaluation and comparison of surface deposits: An
in vitro
study
p. 74
Avinash Kumar, Prasad Konda
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131117
Objectives:
To evaluate and compare the degree of surface deposits on the archwires with X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique after a period of 6 and 12 weeks of incubation in artificial saliva.
Materials and Methods:
The three sample archwires: 1. Stainless steel (Truforce), 2. Beta titanium (Betaforce), and 3. Nickel Titanium (Truflex); each with the dimension of 0.017 Χ 0.025 inch and 50 mm length, were constructed into simulated orthodontic appliance and immersed in artificial saliva of pH 6.76 in three different Petri dishes and incubated for a period of 6 and 12 weeks at 37C in an incubator. Wire samples were examined by using XRD technique for surface deposits. Student's unpaired
t
-test was done to compare the lattice spacing of the control wire (SS) with the test wires and for the comparison of surface deposits between 6 and 12 weeks incubation.
Results:
After 6 weeks of incubation, no significant difference in the mean values of the lattice spacing between control wire and the test wires was found. The lattice spacing values amongst these test archwires was also found to be insignificant. The test wires showed similar results even after 12 weeks of incubation.
Conclusion:
XRD analysis showed deposits on these three test archwires after 6 and 12 weeks of incubation which were insignificant.
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Evaluation of facial asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces
p. 79
Yagnesh Rajpara, Tarulatha R Shyagali, Kalyani Trivedi, Prabhuraj Kambalyal, Tapan Sha, Varun Jain
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131118
Aims:
The aim of the following study is to assess the extent of facial skeletal symmetry or asymmetry in individuals who had no visible facial asymmetry.
Materials and Methods:
Posterior-anterior cephalographs of 50 esthetically pleasing faces were taken and traced for the Grummon's facial asymmetry analysis. Parameters such as the horizontal planes, mandibular morphology, mandibular deviation and the transverse asymmetry were measured. To find the difference between different parameters Student's
t
-test was performed.
Results:
There existed a significant difference between the mandibular morphology measurements such as condylar-gonion distance, gonion-menton distance and the condylar-menton distance. Moreover the mandible showed the left side deviation. There was highly significant correlation between the zygomatic arch and the measurements like nasal cavity distance, condylar distance and the jugular process distance to the mid-sagittal plane.
Conclusion:
Skeletal asymmetries are a common finding even in individuals who have normal facial features. Right sided dominance of the mandible was more and there was also tendency for the craniocaudal increase in the rate of the asymmetry.
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Comparison of tooth size discrepancies in patients who have had upper anterior supernumerary teeth and a control group
p. 85
Khaled Khalaf
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131119
Context:
There have been a number of studies of tooth size discrepancy (TSD) in various populations, but none has investigated TSD in patients who have had upper anterior supernumerary teeth.
Aims:
The aim of the following study is to investigate TSD in patients who have had upper anterior supernumerary teeth.
Settings and Design:
This is a cross-sectional, case-control analytical study of an orthodontic sample carried out at Aberdeen Dental Hospital, University of Aberdeen, UK.
Subjects and Methods:
Mesiodistal dimensions of the permanent teeth on 120 study models of orthodontic patients (40 with upper anterior supernumerary teeth and 80 controls) were measured to determine anterior and overall Bolton ratios as well as the tooth size corrections.
Statistical Analysis Used:
Chi-square test was used to compare the supernumerary group with the control with regards to the incidence of TSD.
Results:
The percentage of subjects with anterior and an overall TSD in the supernumerary group was similar to that in the control group, however the supernumerary group had a greater percentage of patients who had smaller anterior and overall ratios more than 2 standard deviations (SDs) of Bolton's mean than the control group and the opposite holds true for those who had higher ratios more than 2 SDs of Bolton's mean (
P
< 0.05). Similar results were found when TSD was expressed in millimetric means (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusions:
Patients who have had anterior supernumerary teeth have a relative tooth tissue excess in the maxillary arch compared with the control group and thus may require tooth tissue reduction of the maxillary teeth to achieve optimal orthodontic outcome.
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Stress appraisal in periodontium of maxillary first molar using various intrusive forces: A finite element analysis study
p. 90
Neetu Dabla, Tarun Singh Phull, P Narayana Prasad, Nimme Rawat
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131120
Introduction:
Maxillary molar intrusion has been regarded as one of the difficult orthodontic tooth movements when prevention of undesirable movement and root resorption are empirically considered. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of various intrusive forces on maxillary first molar using - finite element method.
Materials and Methods:
Geometric model of maxillary 1
st
molar was generated using software ANSYS Workbench 11. The loading condition was designed to mimic conventional orthodontic tooth movement which was subjected to three different intrusive force magnitudes via 150 g, 180 g and 210 g and was put through finite element analysis (FEA).
Results:
The results were suggested high stress concentration at furcation level of the tooth and compression was seen in apical third of root area of the periodontal ligament (PDL) except in palatal side of palatal root.
Conclusion:
The furcation area of the tooth is most prone to root resorption and compression was observed in apical third of all root area of PDL except in palatal side of palatal. Displacement at cervical region in palatal side of PDL, at central fossa of the tooth and at the cervico-palatal region of alveolar bone. The results gained through FEA should be integrated with the clinical experiences to maximize accuracy.
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Soft-tissue characteristics of Class II division 2 malocclusion in North Indian adult population: A comparative study
p. 97
Rana Pratap Maurya, Vijay Prakash Sharma, Pradeep Tandon, Amit Nagar, Sneh Lata Verma
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131121
Aims and Objectives:
To evaluate and compare the soft-tissue characteristics associated with Angle's Class-I normal occlusion and Angle's Class-II division-2 malocclusion in North Indian adult population.
Materials and Methods:
Lateral cephalograms of 70 orthodontically untreated adult subjects, 40 were having normal occlusion (Group-A) with good facial profile (20 males - mean age 22.89 years and 20 females - mean age 21.27 years) and 30 subjects with Angle's Class-II division-2 malocclusion (Group-B) (15 males - mean age 22.50 years and 15 females - mean age 20.25 years) were analyzed. All the cephalograms were taken in natural head position, traced manually and 16 linear and 6 angular soft tissue parameters were measured which were derived from the Steiner, Ricketts, Burstone and Holdaway soft-tissue analyses. All the values were compared using Student's
t
-test with a level of significance at
P
< 0·05.
Results:
Group-B males had significantly higher mean values for lip-line, soft-tissue thickness at labialis inferior (
P
< 0.05), and total facial contour angle (
P
< 0.01), whereas, Group-A males had significantly higher values for lower lip-chin length (
P
< 0.001), lower face height, soft-tissue chin-thickness (
P
< 0.01) and nasomental angle (
P
< 0.05). Group-B females had significantly higher values for lip-line (
P
< 0.05), soft-tissue thickness at labialis superior (
P
< 0.01), at labialis inferior and mandibular sulcus contour angle (
P
< 0.05) whereas, Group-A females had significantly higher values for upper lip length, lower lip-chin length (
P
< 0.01), lower face height (
P
< 0.001), nose length and lower lip to Sn-Pg' (
P
< 0.05). There was an apparent sexual dimorphism was found in soft tissue pattern of both the groups.
Conclusions:
Angle's Class-II division-2 malocclusion subjects have decreased lower lip-chin length and lower face height, while they have an increase lip-line, soft-tissue thickness at labrale superius, soft-tissue thickness at labrale inferius, total facial contour angle and mandibular sulcus contour angle.
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CASE REPORTS
Treatment of a severe class II div I malocclusion using J-hook headgear
p. 105
Nishant Negi, Kehar Singh Negi
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131122
This case report describes 3-year follow-up of orthodontic treatment of a patient with Class II div 1 malocclusion who have 11 mm of overjet and 5 mm of overbite. Extractions of maxillary first and mandibular second premolars were carried out. Maxillary anteriors were retracted using extra-oral force in the form of J-hook headgear. Simple biomechanical principles were utilized for achieving normal occlusion and facial balance.
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Unilateral maxillary molar distalization using zygoma-gear appliance
p. 109
Mevlut Celikoglu, Celal Candirli
DOI
:10.4103/2321-3825.131123
The aim of the present case report was to present the treatment of a patient with Class II subdivision using the zygoma-gear appliance (ZGA) for unilateral maxillary molar distalization and fixed appliances for the further treatment needs. The ZGA consisted of a miniplate, an inner bow and a sentalloy closed coil spring. Three weeks after the miniplate was placed on zygomathic buttress, a distalization force of 350 g was unilaterally applied to the maxillary left first molar through the sentalloy closed coil spring. After a distalization period of 6 months, a super Class I relationship was achieved and the maxillary left first molar moved 5 mm distally without anterior movement of the anchor premolars. In addition, the maxillary left molar slightly tipped distally (2.4), the maxillary incisors slightly retruded (about −5) and the overjet decreased (−1.4 mm). Then, preadjusted fixed appliances (0.022 Χ 0.028-in, Roth system) were placed in both arches and the maxillary premolar and canine were distalized using the miniplate anchorage after the leveling and alignment procedure. Class I molar and canine relationships, acceptable overjet and overbite were established in a total treatment time of 18 months.
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