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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CVM</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Cardiovascular Medicine</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1664-204X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1664-2031</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>EMH Schweizerischer Ärzteverlag AG</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>Farnsburgerstrasse 8
CH-4132 Muttenz</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">02178</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4414/cvm.2021.02178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <!-- rubric -->
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Article Type">
          <subject>Case report</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <!-- topics -->
        <subj-group subj-group-type="Classification">
          <subject>Pharmacology and pharmacotherapy</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Flecainide induced ST segment changes can mimic pathological ECG changes in patients undergoing exercise testing: A case report.</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib id="author-1" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"/>
          <name>
            <surname>Kruzik</surname>
            <given-names>Matthias</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>matthias.kruzik@gmail.com</email>
          <aff>Fellow | Kardiologie | Rämistrasse 100 | Zürich | 8006 | SWITZERLAND | 0796815987</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="author-2" contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"/>
          <name>
            <surname>Padrutt</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <email/>
          <aff/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="author-3" contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"/>
          <name>
            <surname>Stehli</surname>
            <given-names>Julia</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>Juliastehli@icloud.com</email>
          <aff>Oberärztin für Interventionelle und Strukturelle Kardiologie, Leiterin Interv. F, Interventionelle Kardiologie, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, SWITZERLAND</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="author-4" contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"/>
          <name>
            <surname>Brunckhorst</surname>
            <given-names>Corinna</given-names>
          </name>
          <email/>
          <aff/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="author-5" contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"/>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmied</surname>
            <given-names>Christian</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>christian.schmied@usz.ch</email>
          <aff>Cardiology University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zürich, 8093, CH</aff>
        </contrib>
        <contrib id="author-6" contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"/>
          <name>
            <surname>Niederseer</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>david.niederseer@gmx.at</email>
          <aff>University Clinic Zurich, Resident, Clinic of Cardiology, Raemistr. 100, Zurich, 8031, SWITZERLAND</aff>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021.07.01">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>24</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>0</fpage>
      <lpage>0</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: EMH Schweizerischer Ärzteverlag AG</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>EMH Schweizerischer Ärzteverlag AG</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">
          <license-p>"Cardiovascular Medicine" is an open access publication of EMH published in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons licence attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International. You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following terms:</license-p>
          <license-p>Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.</license-p>
          <license-p>NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.</license-p>
          <license-p>NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.</license-p>
          <license-p>"Non-commercial" means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. The incorporation of publications in commercial products, the use of publications to advertise for commercial products or services and any other usage that directly or indirectly pursues commercial interests is subject to the express previous consent of the publishing house as part of a written agreement.</license-p>
          <license-p>Please send us your request in writing. Exact indication of the publication from which you would like to reproduce material and detailed information about its intended use help to facilitate and expedite request processing.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="article" xml:lang="en">
        <p>Background: Flecainide, a class IC antiarrhythmic drug, is used frequently in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias, mostly atrial fibrillation and less commonly for ventricular arrhythmias. With its strong affinity to sodium channels in the cardiac cells it affects phase 0 of the action potential leading to conduction slowing which is reflected in widening of the QRS and it can also prolong the PR interval.   (1)   These unspecific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may mimic myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing myocardial stress testing. The current case report reflects the diagnostic difficulties arising from this phenomenon. 
Case summary: A 66-year-old patient who had been treated with flecainide for a decade for atrial fibrillation showed significant QRS widening and ST segment depression during exercise testing. The patient did not exhibit symptoms of myocardial ischemia. A subsequent  single photon emission computed tomography  (SPECT) revealed a 10-15 % cardiac ischemic area. Invasive coronary angiogram showed a chronic, complete obstruction of the left circumflex artery, which was percutaneously revascularized. 
Discussion: This case demonstrates how pharmacological effects of flecainide and other class IC antiarrhythmic drugs may lead to suspicion of cardiac ischemia due to QRS widening and unspecific ST-segment changes. In these patients, accurate ECG interpretation is important to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures like coronary angiography. On the other hand, significant underlying coronary artery disease may nonetheless be present, warranting invasive diagnostic testing. Non-invasive cardiac imaging may facilitate the process of distinguishing real ischemia from flecainide induced ECG changes.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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