Historically, a number of brain structures implicated in emotional regulation were commonly grouped under the umbrella of the “limbic system”. However, the conceptual definition, as well as the constitutive anatomy, and the function of the limbic system changed several times, as the brain knowledge evolved. The limbic system, initially defined as a “border” zone located at the edge of the encephalon, functionally lays also at a “clinical” border where psychiatry meets neurology. Limbic encephalitis (LE) illustrates well this concept. Indeed, although being an authentic neurological disease, its (early) psychiatric symptoms are increasingly being recognized and paid attention to. However, the heterogeneity of these symptoms (often falsely related to a purely psychiatric disease at initial stages) adds to the diagnosis difficulty, which often delays the right therapy and worsens the disease outcome. While LE can be infectious (mainly herpetic) or autoimmune, through this narrative review, we aim1) to provide, as an introduction, a conceptual overview of the limbic system anatomy and function, and 2) to summarize the current understanding and management of the autoimmune LE and 3) to describe and analyze neuropsychiatric manifestations of autoimmune LE, as well as their treatment. We hope, that way, to help clinicians identifying and diagnosing(autoimmune) LE (especially early neuropsychiatric symptoms) with the shortest delay, in order to initiate appropriate treatment on time.