Treponema refringens (ex Castellani and Chalmers 1913) Smibert 1974 Smibert R.M. Holt J.G. Genus III. Treponema Schaudinn 1905, 1728(AL) 1984 1 1 49 57 Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology The Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore T. refringens, Institute Pasteur, Paris or cultivated Nichols (non-pathogenic) treponeme.