Aim: This study was designed to investigate and compare the menarcheal age, menstrual cycle regularity, menstrual flow duration, prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and symptoms during menstruation (SDM), in women from Kaduna and Rivers states, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Nonpregnant, nulliparous women from Rivers (n = 401, mean ± SD: 22.55 ± 3.78) and Kaduna (n = 387, mean 22.10 ± SD 2.62) states aged 18-30 years participated in the study. Subjects were randomly selected from some higher institutions in Kaduna and Rivers states. Data were obtained using a self-administered, structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age at menarche was higher in Rivers women than in their Kaduna counterparts, but there was no significant difference. The minimum and maximum menarcheal ages for this study were 10 years and 19 years respectively. The results showed that 311 (80.4%) of Kaduna females and 288 (71.8%) of Rivers females experienced regular menstrual cycles; 245 (63.3%) of Kaduna females and 324 (80.8%) of Rivers females experienced a menstrual flow duration of 4-6 days. Most of the study participants experienced at least one premenstrual symptom (Kaduna: 387 or 100%; Rivers: 366 or 91.3%) and one SDM (Kaduna: 36 or; 95.1%; Rivers 397 or 99%); the comparison of PMS and SDM between subjects from the two states showed a significant difference (c² = 35.348, P = 0.000; and c² = 10.637, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: A difference was observed between the menstrual patterns of women from Kaduna and Rivers states.

Background: Craniofacial anthropometric parameters have been found to be relevant in anthropology as well as clinical and surgical practices. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the canthal and circumference interorbital indices among young Urhobo adults, in South-South Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The simple random sampling technique was adopted in this descriptive anthropometric study that involved 601 participants. Inner and outer canthal distances were measured using the nonstretchable plastic centimeter ruler while the nonstretchable tailor tape was used for measurement of the head circumference. Canthal and circumference interorbital indices were calculated based on standard formulae. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics, with the aid of the statistical package of social sociences, version 20. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Results showed that all linear dimensions for males were significantly higher than females. There were no significant gender differences regarding the canthal and circumference interorbital indices. Canthal index-inner canthal distance, circumference interorbital index-inner canthal distance, circumference interorbital index-head circumference, and circumference interorbital index-canthal index correlations were significant (P < 0.05) while canthal index-outer canthal distance correlation was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant gender differences regarding canthal and circumference interorbital indices.

Background to the Study: This study was carried out with the aim of determining gender differences in the distribution of widow's peak among the young adults of the Isoko ethnic group of the southern part of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Six hundred and sixty (660) adults of both sexes (330 males and 330 females) between the ages of 18 years and 35 years were used for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used for the study. Determination of widow's peak was based on an observational study. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Chi-square test, with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Result: The result of the study revealed that a lower percentage of males (15.45%) did present with widow's peak, while it was 16.36% for females. There was no significant gender difference concerning widow's peak distribution among the Isoko males and females (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides normative data for widow's peak distribution among the Isoko ethnic group. This study provides guidelines for designing the hairline in the study population.

Introduction: The study of the skull is one of the most useful ways of sex determination. Aim: This study was designed to investigate the reliability of the anthropometry of the adult orbital rim in determination of sex. Materials and Methods: A total number of 286 radiographic films of subjects (183 males and 103 females) aged between 18 years and 79 years were analyzed. The orbital height and orbital width were measured from which orbital index was calculated. Differences in the percentage frequencies between males and females were compared using Chi-square test. Result: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the percentage frequency of any range of all the parameters studied between males and females. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study had shown that sex cannot be determined through orbital margin anthropometry.

Introduction: The research was carried out to obtain the linear regression equation for the estimation of stature using arm span length amongst the Bekwara ethnic group of Cross River State. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 600 subjects (300 males and 300 females), aged 6 to 30 years, the subjects were further grouped into five sub age groups of 6-10, 11- 15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30 years old. Result: The mean values of arm span length and stature for males of Bekwara ethnic group, irrespective of age group are 169.9±23cm and 158.4±19cm while females recorded 162.3±17cm and 154.0±13cm respectively. The arm span length to stature difference in males of Bekwara ethnic group is 11.5±7.2cm and 8.3±5.6cm in females, but the mean ASD value irrespective of sex was observed to be 9.9±6.6cm. Pearson correlation coefficients of stature and arm span length were recorded for both male and female as 0.977 and 0.959 respectively. Linear regression equation determined for males in Bekwara ethnic group is 25.71+ (0.781 x arm span) with a recorded estimated stature of 158.2cm, while that of females is 31.83+ (0.753x arm span) with stature estimate of 154.0cm. Conclusion: The arm span length of Bekwara ethnic group indigenes has proven to be an efficient anthropometric body segment parameter that can be employed in the estimation of stature among wheelchair athletes, bed ridden patients or in persons with disabilities involving amputation of the lower limb, or other deformities like scoliosis which does affect the standing ability.

Introduction: Nasal anthropometry is crucial for its diverse applications. In order to assess sexual dimorphism and classify the nose type of children and young adults of the Efik ethnic group of Cross River State, this study was designed to determine the standard values for some nasal anthropometric parameters like nasal height (NH), nasal width (NW), nasal length (NL), and nasal index (NI). Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 600 subjects (300 males and 300 females) aged 6-20 years, who were drawn randomly from the Efik ethnic group of Cross River State, Nigeria; they were divided into three age subgroups (6-10 years, 11-15 years, and 16-20 years) to observe the gender difference within the groups and the variations of each parameter with advancing age. Results: Sexual dimorphism was noted (P < 0.05) only in the age group of 11-15 years as higher values were observed in females in NH and NL (P < 0.05). The age-related changes were not significant. The mean value of NI in males and females in general was determined and it was observed that the overall value of males was 90.36 ± 9.4, while that of females was 89.76 ± 11. Conclusion: This, therefore, implies that the indigenes of the Efik ethnic group of Cross River State have platyrrhine (broad and short) nose type since they have an NI >85. The result from the present study will be useful in aesthetic and reconstruction surgery involving the nose, and also for the physical anthropologist and forensic scientist in the area of ethnic and racial identification.

Objective: In medicolegal autopsies, establishing personal identity of the dead is often necessary and assessment of the stature from extremities plays a vital part in identifying the dead in forensic examinations. The aim of the present study was to derive a regression equation for estimating stature using the interacromial length. Materials and Methods: 200 normal human subjects belonging to south and north indian population from kasturba medical college, Manipal were used for the study. Their age ranges from 16-23 yrs. The stature and interacromial distances were measured with a measuring tape. The statistical analysis was carried out and a regression equation for estimating the stature from the interacromial length was derived for both males and females. Results: The mean interacromial distance in males and females was 36.98 ± standard deviation (SD) cm and 32.5 ± SD cm, respectively, and the mean height in males and females was 176 ± SD cm and 160.5 ± SD cm, respectively. Regression equation formulae were derived from the present study to estimate stature from the interacromial distance in South and North Indian population. Conclusion: In forensic investigation, difficulties are experienced in the stature and gender assessment of bodies injured in mass destruction. The present study may be useful for forensic experts in identifying the stature from fragmentary remnants of the thorax whenever the same are recovered.

Background: Sex determination stands a key position in the human identification process. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the pubic length, ischial length, and ischiopubic index, and to ascertain their usefulness in sex determination among Edo people. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that utilized 114 male and 86 female anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of patients who attended the radiological services of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, between January 2010 and September 2014. The subjects were in the age range of 18-60 years, with a mean age of 36.56 ± 11.93 years. Pubic and ischial lengths were measured with digital Vernier Caliper and ischiopubic index derived. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using statistical package of social sciences version 20. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The ischial and pubic lengths exhibited statistically significant sex differences (P < 0.05). Only the pubic length has the ability for accurate sexing of the bone, as 61.1% in males and 46.5% in females could be identified by the demarking point, using "mean ± 2SD." Ischiopubic index exhibited significant sexual dimorphism (P < 0.05) with a very high percentage identified (≥93%) by demarking points in males and females, using "mean ± 2SD and mean ± 3SD." Conclusion: Ischiopubic index is relevant in sex determination.

Introduction: The nasal index is a very important anthropometric assessment parameter for forensic anthropology and facial surgeries. This study was, therefore, aimed at determining the mean nasal index and its sexual dimorphism among the Berom ethnic group of Plateau State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: For this study, 500 subjects comprising 250 males and 250 females with ages from 18 years to 45 years were recruited. Informed consent was obtained. Nasal height was measured with a sliding Vernier caliper while the nasal width was measured with a transparent graded meter rule. The nasal index was then calculated as the ratio of nasal width and nasal height multiplied by 100. The data was subjected to statistical analysis using the software package Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17.0. Results: The mean nasal index was found to be 93.09 ± 4.92 and the study also revealed statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher nasal index in males than in females of 93.66 ± 4.40 and 92.52 ± 5.34, respectively. Conclusion: The Berom ethnic group falls under the platyrrhine (broad nose) type that is the typical African nose type and have significant difference in male and female nasal index.