Preeclampsia falls under a top priority pursued by the World Health Organisation. Despite several decades of extensive research into its aetiology, this disease has remained unknown. It seems that more than one pathophysiological factor contributes to increased blood pressure. With regard to the importance of preeclampsia, researchers have attempted to examine the hypotheses concerning the pathophysiology of the disease so as to obtain a broad approach to causes, possible treatments and early diagnosis. This study is based on the literature review relying on a total of 61 papers retrieved from several information banks and academic search engines, including, PubMed, Proquest, Elsevier and Scopus. These papers were selected through a number of designs such as cross-sectional, cohort, clinical trial and systematic review. Furthermore, the Persian papers were selected from databases such as Iranmedex and Medlib, as well as article search, on local web-based scientific journals. The investigation revealed that zinc plays a key role in prevention from preeclampsia. On the other hand, preeclampsia can be diagnosed, and potential risks can be evaluated based on measurements made during periods sooner than the third trimester. Moreover, preeclampsia can be treated by prescribing vitamin supplements and modification of diet. Furthermore, the additional supply of calcium has been useful in the treatment of preeclampsia in some areas, while it might be ineffective in some others. Finally, it can be argued that higher beta-human chorionic gonadotropin can indicate the severity of the disease, but it is of little value in early diagnosis of the medical condition. Having examined the studies done so far, it was found out that there are numerous parameters for early diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia, even though they are far from comprehensive. These methods seem to be responding differently in every region. Therefore, it is recommended that such parameters be evaluated in various regions so as to pinpoint their effects.

Introduction: Today a sedentary life is known as a serious problem in Iran. Promoting lifestyle by increasing the amount of physical activity in order to achieve women's health and prevent cardiovascular diseases is essential. This study aimed at determining the impact of educational intervention based on Theory of Planned Behaviour on Housewives aged 20–45 years old physical activity in Naeincity in 2013. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental prospective study Shohada Health Center and Shahid Hosseini health base were chosen among all Naein Health Centers and bases. Shohada Health Center and Shahid Hosseini base were randomly chosen as respectively, the intervention and the comparison groups. Totally, 92 women of qualified housewives (46 women from each base and centre) were chosen according to sample volume counting formula and entered the study. The study information has been collected using a designed questionnaire based on standard and autogenic questionnaires and involved 4 parts: Background variables, knowledge, Theory of Planned Behaviour factors. After being confirmed in terms of validity and reliability the autogenic questionnaire was given to intervention and comparison group members thus the information was gathered before the intervention. Then four educating sessions were held for the intervention group and immediately and 3 months afterwards the questionnaire was fallen out again by both groups. Obtained information was analysed by SPSS 18 software using statistical tests including: Independent t-test, variance analysis using recurrent observations, Squaring and Mann–Whitney test. Results: The findings determined that the mean score of Theory of Planned Behaviour factors and pre-intervention functions had not significantly changed (P > 0.05). However, measuring the scores immediately and 3 months after the educational intervention demonstrated that the scores of both the Theory of Planned Behaviour factors and the function in intervention group immediately and 3 months after education sessions were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that although housewives have got a positive attitude towards the advantages of physical activity but they have also got an improper lifestyle. Further studies were concerning the causes of this problem and removing physical activity obstacles such as providing more facilities for physical activity and promoting women health which play a vital role in family and society health.

Background: Thousands of workers are annually engaged in textile industries. The workers engaged in textile dyeing processes are occupationally exposed to different set of dyes. Methods: In the present study, a group of 38 workers from a dyeing unit including dyers (n = 30) and managers (n = 08) were assessed for genotoxicity using micronucleus test in buccal mucosal cells. An equal number of the subjects (n = 38) matched with the exposed individuals were chosen as controls. Results: The results showed a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated (MNed) cells in the exposed group as compared to the controls (Mann Whitney, P<0.001). Conclusion: Our finding clearly indicated the genotoxic hazard related to dyes in textile industry workers.

Background: Some of reasons such as fear from side effects of anti-pain drugs, fear from decreasing concentration in disease treatment, and believe that pain unseparatable section from cancer, resulted that treatment staff such as nurses who are patients main caregivers do not have suitable approach toward cancer pain management. This study aims to determine application of Health Belief Model (HBM) in nurses education regarding pain management of cancerous patients. Materials and Methods: In this prospective quasi-experimental study, among educational hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences two eligible hospitals (Al-Zahra and Seyed Al-Shohada) have considered to do study. Data gathering tool was HBM base questionnaire which after confirmation of validity and reliability has completed by two groups. Two and six months after educational intervention, questionnaire completed by two groups again. Resulted data entered to SPSS version 18, (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software and analysed by related statistical tests at significant level of P < 0.05. Results: Finding showed that, the mean scores HBM constructs hadn't have significant difference between two groups before educational intervention (P>0.05). Measuring the mean scores 2 and 6 months after educational intervention showed significant differences between two groups in case of mentioned variables (P< 0.001). Repeated measure ANOVA test indicated that 2 and 6 months after education, the mean scores of HBM constructs have significantly increased in the intervention group (P< 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of educational intervention based on HBM in increasing knowledge and attitude of nurses regarding pain management in cancerous patient. Since, the palliative care is a new topic, doing similar studies with patient and cure staff target groups will be promoted pain management approach in the country.

Background: Since education is one of the main elements of prevention and control of nosocomial infections, this study aimed to effect of training with teaching methods designed based on health belief model (HBM) on knowledge and self-efficacy in nurses on the disciplines and standard precautions were taken. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study that was carried out on 100 nurses 50 in experimental and 50 nurses in control group of nurses working hospitals. Data collection tool performed a valid and reliable questionnaire on HBM on preventive behaviours of nosocomial infections. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, paired t-test and Chi-square. Results: Mean age in the groups of intervention and control was 35.20 ± 7/41 years and 35.02 ± 7/38 , respectively. Before the intervention, mean scores of the knowledge and self-efficacy of nosocomial infection in the two groups do not have a significant statistical difference. However, after the theory-based training intervention, the mean scores for these variables have significant statistical differences between the two groups (P< 0.05). Conclusion: According to these study results, executives of the plan support the efficacy of the model on promoting knowledge and self-efficacy on the disciplines and standard precautions in nurses. Therefore, use of this model is recommended in health centres and hospitals.

Background: Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease, currently causing over 5 million deaths per year globally, accounting for 9% of annual deaths. We conducted this research to assess the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated factors, among adults in a rural area in Karnataka, India. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in a rural area of Bangalore Urban district Karnataka, India using systematic random sampling with a sample size of 295 adults. A door to door survey was conducted during July to August 2012, using a validated questionnaire adapted from Global Adult Tobacco Survey, India. Results: The study population comprised of 157 males (53%) and 138 females (47%). The prevalence of tobacco use was found to be 39.3% of which 17.3% were current tobacco smokers and 22% used smokeless form of tobacco. There was a significant association between smoking and age, literacy, and socioeconomic status. We found that 59% of smokers had attempted to quit in the past 12 months as compared to 44% in smokeless tobacco users. About 61% of current smokers who noticed health warnings on cigarette packs attempted to quit. Conclusion: Smoking form of tobacco use was higher among males and smokeless tobacco use was higher among females.