Background: Vaginal bleeding is the most common cause of presentation to emergency department in the first trimester. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to review the value of ultrasound in assessing the vaginal bleeding and early pregnancy loss and to find out any related abnormalities. Design: This is community-based study. It was carried out in Khartoum State, Major teaching hospitals, during the period from July 2010 to October 2013. Materials and Methods: The sample of the study was 302 female patients, who referred to ultrasound departments for obstetric scanning, their ages ranged between 15 and 50 years, their mean age was 25.3 years old. Ultrasound machines with 3.5, 5 MHz convex and endovaginal probe were used. The type of abortion was correlated with socioeconomic, sac localization and shape, cervix and adenexea characters as well as the presence of fetal congenital abnormalities. Results: The abortion types were characterized as incomplete, missed, threatened, complete, blighted ovum, inevitable, septic, recurrent, ectopic and molar as: 29.47%, 16.88%, 12.58%, 7.94%, 5.62%, 19.02%, 1.83%, 4.3%, 1.98%, and 0.66% respectively and showed highly significant relations with: -low socioeconomic status, Intra gestational sac location and shape, fetal congenital abnormalities, competent cervix and abnormal Adnexa. Conclusion: Ultrasound provided unique information about vaginal bleeding causes and outcomes and is useful in the detection of early pregnancy complications.

Introduction: Assessment is a dynamic and multi-faceted process with variable aims. The assessment can be continuous, a final examination or a combination of both. The method of assessment per se is not the target, but its impact on student learning is the important. The method or the tool of assessment modulates the student's methodology of learning. Aims: The aim is to study the effect of the continuous assessment (CA) on the final result (FR) of students. Study Design and Type: Retrospective cross-sectional type. Materials and Methods: Student's scores were obtained from students' results of the CA, the final assessment (FA) and the FR. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 20) was used for data entry and analysis. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied. Results: Both CA and FA show a high level of correlation with the FR and it was higher with the CA. Correlation confident was higher between CA and FA than between FA and the FR. t-test showed a significant difference between the CA, FA and the FR. Conclusion: Continuous assessment has an impact on both the student's results and their methodologies of learning. Serious attention should be directed towards the tools that are used in the CA. Training of teachers in both exam settings and implementation is important as they have a direct effect on the methodology of assessment.

Background: Although spinal stenosis has been recognized for many years as a clinical diagnosis, it has yet to be exactly defined and agreed upon. This lack of definition leads to difficulties in comparing and interpreting studies of prevalence, incidence and treatment. This could in part be to difference in spinal canal dimensions that exist between population groups. This is essential for the rational design and development of spinal implants and instrumentation such as pedicle screws and, in particular, with the evolution towards robotic surgery. Objectives: This study aims to determine the normal Anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal in lumbosacral region among the adult Sudanese population using the MRI and to determine whether there are any differences related to age, sex and race regarding this diameter. Material and Method: The study was descriptive cross-sectional analytical study. MRI measurements were performed in Ribat Teaching Hospital for 142 normal Sudanese subjects to study the lumbosacral region. The data was collected through check list, analyzed by SPSS. Results: The majority of the participants were male (57%), young between 20and 28 years of age with mean height 168cm and mean weight 66 kilogram. The results showed that the longest mean AP diameter was at L1 (17.5±2.0mm) in male while (18.1±2.7) in female. The shortest mean AP diameter was at S1 (15.9±3.2mm) in male and (15.4±3.2) in female. The AP diameter gradually decreased from L1 to S1.there is no significant difference between both sexes. There is significant difference between people live in different zones. There is association between age, height and weight and the AP canal diameter.

Background: Nigella sativa (NS) (black seed) and Bee's honey (BH) are relatively cheap and safe natural products with anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. They are used traditionally in the treatment of so many diseases. Objective: The objective was to investigate the adjuvant effect of combined use of NS and BH with the inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on respiratory rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), blood pressure (BP), oxygen saturation (SPO ₂ ), and wheezing symptom in patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma. Materials and Methods: An oral dose of NS (2 mg once daily) and BH (7.5 ml twice a day) was given for 3 months. Proper chest examination, the vital signs (RR, PR, and BP) and standard measurement of SPO ₂ were performed initially (baseline) and at the end of the 3 ^rd month. Results: Totally, 30 asthmatic patients were included (14 females and 16 males), aged 16-50 years with a mean age of 43.91 ΁ 5.8. By the end of the 3 ^rd month: The RR, PR, systolic BP, and diastolic BP were significantly decreased (P < 0.05); SPO ₂ was increased, and wheezing was significantly reduced in both asthma categories. Conclusion: Combination of NS and BH as an adjuvant therapy with ICS was found to improve the cardiopulmonary functions and helps better control of asthma symptoms.

At least 20% of breast cancers are characterized by triple-negative receptor status (negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2). Human epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the EGFR/ErbB/HER family of Type I transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors. Nine patients had TN-EGFR-positive with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). EGFR positivity was defined as staining in >10% of tumor cells by Immunohistochemistry. In total, nine patients were enrolled that the mean age was 46.7 years. All patients were from Kurdish ethnicity in west of Iran. Patients received erlotinib 150 mg daily. This suggests there may be a subset of TN, EGFR-positive MBC for whom EGFR-directed therapy may be suitable or that the natural history of their disease was indolent. Future studies to determine molecular and clinical profiles of patients likely to benefit from EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.