Looking at Lithium: Molecular Moods and Complex Behaviour

Modulation of the Akt and GSK3 signaling pathway by various GPCRs. Signals from dopamine D₂ receptors, serotonin receptors, and other GPCRs may modulate this pathway either through a β-arrestin-dependent or -independent mechanism. Lithium inhibits GSK3 either by enhancing Akt phosphorylation by interfering with the D₂ receptor–dependent Akt·βArr2·PP2A complex or by acting as a direct inhibitor of GSK3.